基于不同窗口纹理特征的SVM土壤盐渍化信息提取方法与精度分析研究

以塔里木盆地北缘绿洲--渭干河-库车河三角洲绿洲为例,借助ENVI遥感软件,利用ETM+数据,探讨了该绿洲土壤盐渍化信息提取的方法.传统的遥感图像分类方法多数在解决问题上存在精度不高、分类效率较低、不确定性强的缺陷,所以,选择好的分类方法对于提取盐渍化信息是至关重要的.近年来,将SVM应用于遥感图像分类已成为新的发展趋势.文章提出了基于纹理特征的支持向量机(Support Vector Machine,SVM)的分类方法,得出以下结论:分别结合3×3,5×5,7×7,9×9,11×11,13×13窗口纹理特征和光谱的SVM分类精度都很高,达到93%以上.并且在验证分类精度时,发现结合光谱和9×9窗口纹理信息的SVM分类的结果更符合实际情况.所以说加入纹理特征后使得光谱信息比较接近的3类地物(重度、中度、轻度盐渍地)的区分性增大,从而使精度提高.因此,基于纹理特征的SVM分类方法更有利于遥感图像分类和盐渍化信息监测,是地物遥感信息提取的有效途径.     

Ingestion rates and grazing impact of the brackwater mussel Brachidontes virgiliae in Lake St Lucia,iSimangaliso Wetland Park,South Africa

Bivalves feed on a combination of phytoplankton and zooplankton and have the potential to impact considerably the planktonic biomass, especially when they occur in high densities, such as in oyster and mussel beds. The brackwater mussel Brachidontes virgiliae is numerically dominant during wet phases within Africa’s largest estuarine lake, St Lucia, in the iSimangaliso Wetland Park on the east coast of South Africa. The ingestion rates and potential grazing impact of this small mussel (maximum shell length = 2.5 cm) were estimated for both the wet and dry seasons using an in situ gut fluorescence technique. Ingestion rates were higher during the wet season (5.78 µg pigment ind.^?1 d^?1) than during the dry season (4.44 µg pigment ind.^?1 d^?1). This might be explained by the increased water temperature and food availability during the wet season. Because of the patchy distribution of mussel populations, there could be higher localised grazing impact near mussel aggregations. Results showed a potential grazing impact of up to 20 times the available phytoplankton biomass at specific sites. These high grazing impacts have the potential to deplete phytoplankton stocks in the lake, especially during wet phases in the northern reaches, where mussel densities are highest. This needs to be factored into ecological models of Lake St Lucia, because the system might function differently during increased flood events.     

洞庭湖蓄洪能力讨论

洞庭湖蓄洪能力具有重要的意义。首先,洞庭湖是湘、资、沅、澧四水洪峰的汇流中心,它的蓄洪能力直接关系到缓和洞庭湖自身流域的洪峰压力。其次,作为长江的支流湖,洞庭湖的蓄洪能力也间接关系到长江流域的蓄水系数,从而关系到缓和长江下游的洪水水位。在洞庭湖现有泄流系数不变的情况下,要增加洞庭湖的蓄洪能力,主要靠扩大蓄洪区和加高堤垸防洪高度。由于这两者都存在天然限制,所以不可偏废,只可兼顾。     

环境地质研究进展与展望

环境地质学与其他地质学科的最大区别是,把人类活动作为一种地质作用营力加以研究,这是前所未有的.面向国民经济、国家重大工程建设和城市化的快速兴起与发展,环境地质学科得到了迅速发展.关注气候变化、海岸带发展、城市化、地下水资源与地质环境的相互关系至关重要.要重视地质灾害形成发育的规律,特别是人类工程活动与自然地质作用相互关系的研究.地质灾害防治和群测群防,在今后一个相当长的时期内仍然是研究重点.持久地为社会、为公众、为政府服务,提高地质科学在环境保护中的作用与地位,提高公众对环境地质学的认知与认同,才能采取共同行动,为可持续发展做出贡献.     

基于机器视觉的线阵CCD相机成像几何模型

以研究机器视觉技术在运动的流线体类型的工业品在线质量检测领域的应用为基础,重点地研究线阵CCD相机结构、成像原理、成像方式及外部条件,分析了CCD相机成像误差来源及相关解决方法,探讨了线阵CCD相机在质量检测领域的成像模型的具体应用模式,并结合具体的实例内容进行了验证,证明了线阵CCD相机的成像几何模型在这一领域的应用性和适用性,为线阵CCD相机在机器视觉系统中大规模的应用提供了可靠的借鉴意义。     

江西东乡铜矿成矿地质特征与找矿实践

充分利用前人的研究成果,结合在赣东北地区的找矿实践,对东乡铜矿成矿条件、成矿特征等进行剖析,认为该矿为斑岩型铜矿,是赣东北斑岩铜矿带的一部分;矿区广泛分布的花岗闪长斑岩小岩体与深部隐伏斑岩体断续连接,是成矿物质和热能的主要来源。在此基础上开展了浅层地震找矿应用研究,为资源危机型矿山的地勘工作提供了一条新的思路和方法。     

胶东金矿集中区构造体系多层次控矿规律研究

提出中新生代东亚大陆与西太平洋带活动带相互关联的构造剪切带即是NNE向新华夏系巨型构造带。胶东金矿集中区产生于洋-陆过渡关联的该NNE向构造剪切带。对胶东构造体系进行了进一步研究,指出胶东中生代主要发育新华夏体系和华夏式构造系,而纬向构造体系,即EW向构造不发育。在此基础上,对胶东金矿集中区构造控制矿带、矿床、矿脉、地球化学分布和物理化学条件等不同层次特征加以分析,提出了胶东金矿成矿期构造具有多层次控矿特点,新华夏系NEE向泰山式构造控制胶东区域金矿带的展布;新华夏系NNE向区域剪切带控制金矿田产生部位;构造带断裂性质控制金矿矿床类别;构造断裂带的产状控制矿床矿体的倾伏侧伏规律;剪切构造两盘的运移特点和断裂组合形式控制矿脉的分布规律;构造变形岩相带控制构造地球化学特征;构造控制水岩系统成矿物理化学条件等认识。成矿构造研究、测量和资料分析证实,成矿阶段构造应力场最大主应力和最小主应力轴面是近于水平的,而中间主应力接近于垂直;区域成矿期应力场呈水平反钟向扭动剪切状,具有新华夏系应力场特征。从中生代应力场分析发现,除了区域反钟向挤压剪切构造特征外,主要成矿阶段构造环境还表现出应力松弛和拉张的特点,有普遍的断裂上盘下滑的构造成矿的特征。     

风成沙纹的研究进展

近半个多世纪以来国内外学者对沙纹各方面有了详尽的研究,使沙纹研究理论逐渐趋向系统化和完善化。在扼要回顾了风成沙纹的研究历史的同时,分别从沙纹形态、沙纹形成过程和沙纹形成中的颗粒分异机制等几方面阐述了沙纹研究的现状及主要进展。最后根据沙纹研究的现状和目前沙纹研究中存在的问题,对将来的研究趋势作了初步探讨。     

FIRST REPORT OF BERO ZECO ACTIVE FAULT IN GÊRZÊ, NORTHERN TIBET

In the interior of the Tibetan Plateau, the active tectonics are primarily marked by conjugate strike slip faults and north-trending rifts, which represent the E-W extension since late Cenozoic of the plateau. The conjugate faults are mainly composed of NE-trending left-lateral strike-slip faults in Qiangtang terrane and NW-trending right-lateral strike-slip faults in Lhasa terrane. While, the rifts mainly strike N, NNW and NNE within southern Tibet. However, it is still a debate on the deformational style and specific adjustment mechanism of E-W extension. One of key reasons causing this debate is the lack of detailed investigation of these active faults, especially within the northwestern plateau. Recently, we found a 20km long, NNW-trending active fault at Bero Zeco in northwestern Tibet. This fault is presented as fault sag ponds, channel offsets and fault scarps. Displacement of channels and geomorphic features suggested that the Bero Zeco Fault(BZF)is a dextral strike-slip fault with a small amount of normal slip component, which may result from the E-W extensional deformation in the interior of Tibet. BZF strikes N330°~340°W, as shown on the satellite image. The main Quaternary strata in the studied area are two stages alluvial fans around the Bero Zeco. From the satellite images, the old alluvial fans were cut by the lake shoreline leaving many of lake terraces. And the young fans cut across the lake terraces and the old fans. By contrasting to the "Paleo-Qiangtang Huge Lake" since late Quaternary, these old alluvial fans could be late Pleistocene with age ranging from 40ka to 50ka. And the young fans could be Holocene. The sag ponds along the BZF are distributed in the late Pleistocene alluvial fans. Also, the BZF displaced the late Pleistocene fans without traces within Holocene fans, suggesting that the BZF is a late Pleistocene active fault. The fault scarps are gentler with the slope angle of around 10° and the vertical offset is about 2m by field measurement. Reconstruction of the offset of channels suggested that the accumulated dextral offset could be about 44m on the late Pleistocene alluvial fans. Therefore, we infer that the dextral slip-rate could be around 1mm/a showing a low-rate deformation characteristic. The angle between the strike of BZF and principal compressive stress axis(σ₁)is around 30°, which is significantly different to the other faults within the conjugate strike-slip fault zones that is 60°~75°. Now, the deformation mechanisms on these conjugate faults are mainly proposed in the studies of obtuse angle between the faults and σ₁, which is likely not applicable for the BZF. We infer that the BZF could be the northward prolongation of the north-trending rifts based on the geometry. This difference suggests that the conjugate strike-slip faults may be formed by two different groups:one is obtuse angle, which is related to block extrusion or shear zones in Lhasa and Qiangtang terranes possibly; the other is acute angle, which may represent the characteristics of new-born fractures. And more studies are needed on their deformation mechanisms.