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971.
Kerman city has a semiarid-arid climate with an average annual precipitation of about 158 mm. The area is underlain by soluble subsoil and alluvial deposits, overlying highly fractured Cretaceous limestones. Geo-environmental studies indicate that both paleokarst and active karst features are developed in the area. The paleokarsts were developed in the Upper Cretaceous limestone during the cold, humid periods of Post Cretaceous and probably Early Quaternary time and include honeycombs, solution flutes, rillenkarren, caverns, and solution collapse dolines. Active karst landforms occur by combined piping-induced and limestone solution at depth in subsoils, and alluvial deposits and bajada that overly potent karstic limestones and cover subsidence sinkholes and subjacent alluvial karst collapse dolines. Many factors, such as soluble compounds (salt and gypsum), desiccation cracks, and Qanat (dug water wells), could contribute to the development of karstic landforms. The most immediate cause for active karst landforms is considered to be the drawdown of the water table in the area. There is an increasing demand for groundwater consumption to irrigate pistachio fields. Excessive pumping of the groundwater lowers the water table about 80 cm per year. This rate of drawdown accelerates land subsidence (about 6 cm per year), creates circular patterns of fractures in the ground and in buildings, disrupts agricultural work and urbanization projects, and tilts foundations. These geohazards indicate that ground sinking and karstification are in progress in the alluvial deposits and underlying limestones. The disturbance and expense caused by the geohazards could be mitigated by the application of overhead sprinkler irrigation for pistachio fields or by planting less thirsty plants. 相似文献
972.
Lobkovsky L. I. Vladimirova I. S. Gabsatarov Yu. V. Baranov B. V. Garagash I. A. Steblov G. M. 《Doklady Earth Sciences》2017,477(2):1498-1503
Doklady Earth Sciences - The interpretation of multiannual satellite geodetic observations after the 2010 Maule earthquake is given on the basis of the keyboard concept of the subduction region... 相似文献
973.
W. M. Rizzo S. K. Dailey G. J. Lackey R. R. Christian B. E. Berry R. L. Wetzel 《Estuaries and Coasts》1996,19(2):247-256
We determined fluxes of oxygen and nutrients between water and sediments at 21 sites primarily in Virginia and North Carolina estuaries, over the past 15 yr. These sites represented broad ranges in salinity, tidal amplitude, hydrology, nutrient availability, turbidity, light availability, depth, sediment grain size, and anthropogenic disturbance. In general, we found that heterotrophically dominated sediments had the potential to degrade water quality, whereas photoautotrophy in the sediments ameliorated this impact. We propose a benthic trophic state index as a management tool to make general assessments of the degree to which sediments support ecological processes related to photoautotrophy. The index can be based on simple measurements of metabolic parameters. We also evaluated the relative significance of variability in the index across a number of spatial and temporal scales. Reduced photoautotrophy and/or enhanced heterotrophy tended to be associated with finer-grained, organic-rich sediments. This sediment type was common in oligohaline areas at water depths exceeding 2 m. Temporally, autotrophy declined from winter to spring particularly at sandy sites, while interannual variability was more pronounced for mud sites. *** DIRECT SUPPORT *** A01BY074 00011 相似文献
974.
Evaporation of perennial semi‐arid woodland in southeastern Australia is adapted for irregular but common dry periods 下载免费PDF全文
Measurements of water vapour flux from semi‐arid perennial woodland (mallee) were made for 3 years using eddy covariance instrumentation. There have been no previous long‐term, detailed measures of water use in this ecosystem. Latent energy flux (LE) on a half hourly basis was the measure of the combined soil and plant evaporation, ‘evapotranspiration’ (ELE) of the site. Aggregation over 3 years of the site measured rain (1136 mm) and the estimated evaporation (794 mm) suggests that 342 mm or 30% of rain had moved into or past the root zone of the vegetation. Above average rainfall during 2011 and the first quarter of 2012 (633 mm, 15 months) would likely have been the period during which significant groundwater recharge occurred. At times immediately after rainfall, ELE rates were the same or exceeded estimates of potential E calculated from a suitably parameterized Penman–Monteith (EPMo) equation. Apparent free water E from plant interception and soil evaporation was about 2.3 mm and lasted for 1.3 days following rainfall in summer, while in autumn, E was 5.1 mm that lasted over 5.4 days. The leaf area index (LAI) needed to adjust a wind function calibrated Penman equation (EPMe) to match the ELE values could be back calculated to generate seasonal change in LAI from 0.12 to 0.46 and compared well with normalized difference vegetation index; r = 0.38 and p = 0.0213* and LAI calculated from digital cover photography. The apparently conservative response of perennial vegetation evaporation to available water in these semi‐arid environments reinforces the conclusion that these ecosystems use this mechanism to survive the reasonably common dry periods. Plant response to soil water availability is primarily through gradual changes in leaf area. Copyright © 2015 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd. 相似文献
975.
The increasing natural disasters, especially floods during the last quarter century, are raising the economic losses in Taiwan.
The most severe hazard in Taiwan is flooding induced by typhoons and storms in summer and autumn. By comparing the rivers
around the world, the ones in Taiwan have the steepest slopes, the largest discharge per unit drainage area, and the shortest
time of concentrations. Rapid urbanization without proper land uses managements usually worsen the flood problems. Consequently,
flood hazards mitigation has become the most essential task for Taiwan to deal with. Although the government keeps improving
flood defense structures, the flood damage grows continuously. In this article, possible flood mitigation strategies are identified
for coping with complex environmental and social decisions with flood risk involved. 相似文献
976.
S. Rakshit D. Sarkar 《International Journal of Environmental Science and Technology》2017,14(7):1497-1504
Redox properties of humic substances (HS) control important biogeochemical processes. Thus, accurate estimation of redox properties of HS is essential. However, there is no general consensus regarding the best available measurement method of HS redox properties. In this study, we compared several common HS redox property measurement methods using anthraquinone-2,6-disulfonate (AQDS) as model compound, and standard Elliot soil humic acid (1S102H, ESHA), reference Pahokee peat (1R103H, PPHA), and Suwannee River natural organic matter (1R101N, SRNOM) as representative HS. We found that the H2/Pd reduction method followed by incubation with ferric citrate (FeCit) reagent was incomplete, and the H2/Pd reduction method followed by incubation with potassium ferricyanide (K3Fe(CN)6) was insensitive. Stannous chloride (SnCl2) reduction followed by titration of excess stannous (Sn2+) by potassium dichromate (K2Cr2O7) was found to be most accurate. These findings will help in future investigations on detailed characterizations of functional groups of HS responsible for oxidation/reduction reactions. 相似文献
977.
E. V. Kharyutkina S. V. Loginov Yu. V. Martynova 《Russian Meteorology and Hydrology》2016,41(6):435-438
The estimates of spatiotemporal variability of climatic parameters in West Siberia are obtained over the period of 1976-2014. It is revealed that this variability is affected by the parameters of atmospheric circulation such as wind speed components, relative vorticity, and large-scale circulation indices. It is found that in winter the warming changed into the cooling that is particularly associated with the change in atmospheric circulation patterns described by the SCAND index. 相似文献
978.
Shamim A. Dar K. F. Khan Saif A. Khan Akhtar R. Mir H. Wani V. Balaram 《Arabian Journal of Geosciences》2014,7(6):2237-2248
The paper presents the uranium (U) concentration and distribution pattern in the Paleoproterozoic phosphorites of Lalitpur district of Uttar Pradesh. The study of thin sections, SEM and XRD reveal that apatite is the essential phosphate mineral while quartz and feldspars are the dominant gangue in the phosphorites of the investigated area. The collophane is observed to be mostly oolitic in form and microspherulitic in texture. The major element geochemistry indicated that the phosphorite samples are rich in P2O5, CaO, SiO2 and Fe2O3 whereas depletion of MgO, MnO, K2O and Al2O3 was observed. The CaO/P2O5 ratio ranges from 1.13 to 1.46 which is slightly lower than that of cations and anions substituted francolite (1.621) and close to that of carbonate-fluorapatite (1.318). The trace element geochemistry indicates that the phosphorites of Lalitpur have the significant range of U concentration (1.67 to 129.67 μg/g) which is more than that of Th (0.69 to 0.09 μg/g) among the analysed trace elements in the phosphorite samples of the area. The positive correlation of U with P2O5, CaO and U/P2O5 indicates a close association of U with phosphate minerals like collophane (apatite), whereas negative correlation of U with SiO2 and Fe2O3 may be due to mutual replacement. The antipathetic relationship of U with Ni may be an indication of high oxidizing conditions, whereas sympathetic relationship of U with K2O points towards higher alkaline conditions of the basin of deposition during phosphatization. The variable concentration of U and its relationship with significant major and trace elements in most of the phosphorite samples lead one to believe that the deposition of these phosphorites might have taken place in highly alkaline medium during fairly oxidizing to weakly reducing environmental conditions of geosynclinal basin. 相似文献
979.
E. B. Sal’nikova A. M. Larin S. Z. Yakovleva A. B. Kotov V. A. Glebovitskii A. V. Tkachev I. V. Anisimova Yu. V. Plotkina B. M. Gorokhovskii 《Doklady Earth Sciences》2011,441(1):1479-1483
The U-Pb age of the manganotantalite from rare-metal pegmatites of the Vishnyakovskoe deposit (East Sayan Belt) has been assessed
at 1838 ± 3 Ma. The acquired data indicate the pegmatites of this deposit and associated granites of the Sayan complex belong
to the postcollision South Siberian igneous belt (1.88–1.84 Ga), which stretches along the southwestern frame of the Siberian
Craton by more than 2500 km, from the Yenisei Ridge to the Aldan Shield. Formation of this igneous belt is related to joining
(starting from about 1.9 Ga BP) of the series of continental microplates and island arcs to the Siberian Craton; this led
to final stabilization of the craton at about 1.8 Ga BP. 相似文献
980.
S-C Mylonites 总被引:2,自引:0,他引:2
Two types of foliations are commonly developed in mylonites and mylonitic rocks: (a) S-surfaces related to the accumulation of finite strain and (b) C-surfaces related to displacement discontinuities or zones of relatively high shear strain. There are two types of S-C mylonites. Type I S-C mylonites, described by Berthé et al., typically occur in deformed granitoids. They involve narrow zones of intense shear strain which cut across (mylonitic) foliation.Type II S-C mylonites (described here) have widespread occurrence in quartz-mica rocks involved in zones of intense non-coaxial laminar flow. The C-surfaces are defined by trails of mica ‘fish’ formed as the result of microscopic displacement discontinuities or zones of very high shear strain. The S-surfaces are defined by oblique foliations in the adjacent quartz aggregates, formed as the result of dynamic recrystallization which periodically resets the ‘finite-strain clock’. These oblique foliations are characterized by grain elongations, alignments of segments of the grain boundary enveloping surfaces, and by trails of grains with similar c-axis orientations.Examples of this aspect of foliation development in mylonitic rocks are so widespread that we suggest the creation of a broad class of S-C tectonites, and a deviation from the general tradition of purely geometric analysis of foliation and time relationships. Kinematic indicators such as those discussed here allow the recognition of kilometre-scale zones of intense non-coaxial laminar flow in crustal rocks, and unambiguous determination of the sense of shear. 相似文献