嫩江流域新石器时代以来的环境考古(初步)研究

嫩江流域孕育的昂昂溪文化是新石器时代中国北方"渔猎文化"的代表文化。文章对昂昂溪文化的典型代表遗址——洪河遗址附近3 m的自然沉积物剖面进行植硅体分析、粒度分析和烧失量测定,探讨了新石器时代以来嫩江流域人类活动的环境背景及昂昂溪"渔猎文化"走向衰亡的原因。结果表明,洪河剖面植硅体主要来自于禾本科植物,并以早熟禾亚科（C3植物）为主,剖面沉积物主要由嫩江冲积砂经风力吹扬、搬运、堆积而成。嫩江流域文化的空间分布和时间演替,在受到人类活动影响的同时,也与自然环境有密切的关系。在7024~3820 cal. a B.P.期间,嫩江流域气候温暖湿润,适宜人类生存繁衍,孕育了典型的昂昂溪"渔猎文化";在4000 cal. a B.P.左右,气候呈现逐渐变冷干的趋势,同时昂昂溪文化也逐渐衰落;3820~1000 cal. a B.P.期间,气候持续冷干,导致部分居民离开昂昂溪地区沿嫩江逐渐向更加温暖的下游迁移以寻找更为适宜的栖息地,昂昂溪文化逐渐被取代;1000 cal. a B.P.以来,人类活动频繁,土地沙漠化日趋严重。     

西太平洋副高在1998年和2001年梅汛期长江大涝大旱中的作用

计算了 1 998年 6～ 7月和 2 0 0 1年 6～ 7月 50 0hPa高度场西太平洋副热带高压逐日变化指数 ,对比分析了 1 998年和 2 0 0 1年长江流域梅汛期 ( 6～ 7月 )平均北半球大气环流场和西太平洋副高的逐日变化特征。结果表明 :长江流域梅汛期的旱涝与副高强弱和东西位置关系密切。在副高平均脊线偏北的情况下 ,副高长期偏东偏弱 ,长江流域不易产生强降水 ,易少雨干旱。副高异常偏西与伊朗高压打通时 ,长江流域也不易产生强降水。只有当副高平均脊线偏南的情况下 ,副高西伸到 95～ 1 1 5°E范围时 ,长江流域易产生强降水。     

Assessing the effects of climate change and human activities on runoff variations from a seasonal perspective

Stochastic Environmental Research and Risk Assessment - Previous studies attempting to quantify the contributions of climate change and human activities to runoff variations in a changing...     

Analysis of the climate signal contained within δO and growth rate parameters in two Ethiopian stalagmites

We combine surface and cave climate monitoring with multiple stalagmite parameters to help understand and calibrate the climate records contained within stalagmites from a region with strong rainfall seasonality. Two actively growing stalagmites from Ethiopia were analysed in order to investigate the climate signal contained within δ¹⁸O and growth rate parameters. The δ¹⁸O and growth rate of the two stalagmites give different responses to surface climate due to variations in the climate signal transfer. Both stalagmites (Merc-1 and Asfa-3) have a climate response that is seasonal; however this signal is subsequently smoothed by the mixing of event and storage water within the aquifer. Merc-1 responds more to high frequency (‘event’) climate, due to a greater ratio of event to storage water in this sample, whereas Asfa-3 responds more to low frequency (‘storage’) climate. In addition, different parameters respond to different seasons. For example, stalagmite Asfa-3, from greater depth from the surface and with a slow drip rate, has a growth rate that responds to the amount of summer rain. In contrast, Merc-1, closer to the surface and with a faster drip rate, exhibits no clear response to surface climate, probably due to a more complex climate signal transfer. δ¹⁸O response varies with stalagmite due to the interplay between rainfall forcing factors (amount, seasonality) and disequilibrium kinetics, with opposing correlations between seasonal rainfall and δ¹⁸O between the samples. Our results demonstrate that analysis of seasonal climate forcing, and transfer functions reflecting the mixing of event and storage water, may be the most appropriate approach to develop of transfer functions appropriate for high-resolution, stalagmite climate reconstruction.     

一次区域性大暴雨过程的能量分析

利用逐小时的地面观测资料和欧洲中心客观分析场资料,分析了2007年7月18日山东省区域性暴雨的能量特征。结果表明,此次降水过程的不稳定能量主要集中于900hPa以下,槽后系统性冷空气与能量较高的西南气流的结合触发了此次强对流的发展;前期南风气流的维持和副热带高压外围西南急流的发展为降水提供了充分的水汽辐合和动能的积累;大暴雨落区与等压面上能量场配置以及剖面图上能量的波动相联系;并且利用micaps3．0对气象资料的新增分析功能,对地面雨量和单站对流条件进行了对比分析,得出不同对流条件对大暴雨落区的影响。     

基于填充海拔的金沙江南流泄口位置

长江的发育演化尤其是东西贯通的时限问题,是百余年来地学界的焦点问题,金沙江水系的演化重组是长江演化中的关键一环。基于填充海拔的模型模拟以及物源示踪的梳理结果,讨论了金沙江在夷平面上南流汇入红河的可能性。结果显示当海拔填充至2 000~2 200 m时,金沙江水系格局发生重大变化,表现为金沙江在金江街一改东流之势,沿宾川盆地汇入古红河;古雅砻江在攀枝花附近转而向西,沿金沙江河谷经宾川盆地流入古红河,形成古红河的一级支流。推断哀牢山-红河断裂带、程海-宾川断裂带的活动及山体隆升特别是鸡足山的隆升可能阻断了上述南流泄口,切断了金沙江与红河的联系,从而形成今日江水东流的水系格局,这为古金沙江南流路径的研究提供了新的思路和方向。     

Benthic foraminifera and their stable isotope composition in sediment cores from Lake Qarun,Egypt: changes in water salinity during the past ~500 years

We studied the sedimentology, benthic foraminifera, molluscs, and δ¹⁸O and δ¹³C of Ammonia tepida tests in two late Holocene sediment cores from Lake Qarun (Egypt). The cores, QARU2 (upper section, 8.2 m) and QARU4 (1.4 m), span approximately the past 500 years of sedimentation. Benthic foraminifera first appeared in the upper part of QARU2 at 314 cm depth, ca. AD 1550. This depth marks the beginning of colonization of the lake by foraminifera and indicates a change in lake water salinity, as foraminifera cannot tolerate fresh water. Initially, three species of benthic foraminifera colonized the lake, Ammonia tepida, Cribroelphidium excavatum and Cribrononion incertum. Relative abundance of these species fluctuated throughout cores QARU2 and QARU4 and highest overall faunal diversity occurred at the beginning of the twentieth century. High relative abundances of C. incertum and deformed tests are attributed to periods of greater lakewater salinity. Peaks in both δ¹⁸O and δ¹³C indicate times of higher evaporation and reduced fresh water inflow. Inferred salinity was high around AD 1700 and after AD 1990. Rapid response of climate proxy variables indicates the high sensitivity of Lake Qarun to environmental changes over the past several 100 years. Increases in lakewater Mg concentration during past evaporative events, associated with less fresh water inflow, probably provided conditions suitable for C. incertum to build its white or transparent tests. Gradual decrease of C. incertum, until its disappearance at 100 cm depth ca. AD 1890, indicates a more persistent trend in lake water chemistry. Higher concentrations of dissolved sulphates were the likely cause of this species disappearance. Recent, twentieth-century sediments were deposited under optimal salinity (37‰) for benthic fauna, but further environmental changes are indicated by the decrease or disappearance of several benthic foraminifera and mollusc species. Intermittent hypoxia in the lake’s bottom waters, caused by cultural eutrophication, may account for these most recent changes.     

Coupling fuzzy clustering and cellular automata based on local maxima of development potential to model urban emergence and expansion in economic development zones

ABSTRACT

Modeling urban growth in Economic development zones (EDZs) can help planners determine appropriate land policies for these regions. However, sometimes EDZs are established in remote areas outside of central cities that have no historical urban areas. Existing models are unable to simulate the emergence of urban areas without historical urban land in EDZs. In this study, a cellular automaton (CA) model based on fuzzy clustering is developed to address this issue. This model is implemented by coupling an unsupervised classification method and a modified CA model with an urban emergence mechanism based on local maxima. Through an analysis of the planning policies and existing infrastructure, the proposed model can detect the potential start zones and simulate the trajectory of urban growth independent of the historical urban land use. The method is validated in the urban emergence simulation of the Taiping Bay development zone in Dalian, China from 2013 to 2019. The proposed model is applied to future simulation in 2019–2030. The results demonstrate that the proposed model can be used to predict urban emergence and generate the possible future urban form, which will assist planners in determining the urban layout and controlling urban growth in EDZs.     

A geochemical method for removing the effect of tephra on lake diatom oxygen isotope records

The analysis of oxygen isotope ratios (δ¹⁸O) in biogenic silica (e.g. diatoms, sponge spicules, phytoliths) is an increasingly utilised palaeoclimatic proxy for lakes and oceans, providing an alternative to carbonate δ¹⁸O. Currently, the problems associated with the cleaning and extraction of pure diatom silica, especially from lake sediments, may compromise the precision associated with δ¹⁸O_diatom records. This is because, despite improvements in cleaning techniques, it is still difficult to remove silica-containing contaminants (e.g. tephra, silts and clays) from biogenic silica. Where it has proved difficult to remove all the silica bearing contaminants from a sample, mass balance calculations involving point counting have been used, but these are inherently inaccurate as they only consider the surface area of the contaminant, rather than volume. The new method described here assesses the volume of contamination in each sample of biogenic silica by using major and trace element geochemistry, allowing the δ¹⁸O of the contamination to be removed from the biogenic silica δ¹⁸O value by linear mass balance. In this case, diatom silica was contaminated with tephra, however the method should also be applicable to other contaminants such as silts and clays.