气候变化科学的最新认知

 政府间气候变化专门委员会（IPCC）第一工作组于2007年2月2日发布的第四次评估报告明确指出,近100 a（1906-2005年）地球表面平均温度上升了0.74℃,近50 a的线性增温速率为0.13℃/10 a,1850年以来最暖的12个年份中有11个出现在近期的1995-2006年。全球变暖已经是不争的科学事实,报告认为人类活动是近50 a全球气候系统变暖的主要原因。 IPCC评估报告是国际科学界对气候变化问题最权威、最全面的认识,代表了目前全球气候变化研究的科学认识水平,是国际上制定相关政策的重要依据。     

2011年桂西长时间低温天气成因分析

利用实况观测资料和NCEP／NCAR再分析资料,通过统计学和天气诊断分析的方法,对桂西2011年1月持续的低温天气进行分析,结果表明：极涡呈偶极型且位于亚洲北部的中心偏东、偏南是此次低温天气维持的环流背景特点;华南沿海的静止锋维持但坡度较大,不利于形成明显的逆温条件,是桂西主要出现阴雨天气而不出现冻雨的主要原因,海拔较高的北部山区局部出现的冻雨天气是由于特殊地形下的逆温层结造成的,维持时间较短：阻塞形势的建立和维持是低温天气维持的主要原因,阻高崩溃、横槽转竖的过程使桂西气温更明显下降;南支槽的两次东移使桂西产生较明显降水,对降温有明显影响。     

陕西中南部初夏和盛夏暴雨过程对比分析

利用常规观测资料、FY-2E卫星红外云顶亮温(TBB)以及欧洲中心再分析资料,对比分析陕西中南部2013年5月25—26日初夏暴雨过程("0525"过程)和2011年8月3—4日盛夏暴雨过程("0804"过程)的成因差异。结果表明:这两次过程都受低槽影响并配合低涡东移;但"0804"过程是一次中尺度对流降水造成的暴雨过程,中低层西风带系统明显偏强,"0525"过程是与西南涡发展有关的一次区域性暴雨过程。在"0804"过程中我国东南沿海有台风生成发展,阻挡了西风带环流系统的移动,稳定维持有利的降水形势。两次过程低层都伴有西南急流的稳定维持,但"0804"过程急流强度更强,维持时间更久。两次暴雨过程除了来自孟加拉湾的水汽之外,"0804"过程还存在一条来自南海的水汽通道,水汽条件更好。盛夏暴雨呈现出明显的高温高湿特点,具有明显的位势不稳定。两次暴雨过程中都伴随高空干冷空气侵入过程,"0804"过程干侵入更强。从云团演变来看两次过程都出现了大范围的斜压叶状云系,而"0525"过程云系结构松散,发展不够深厚。"0804"过程云系密实,TBB中心最低达-65℃,云体发展非常深厚,激发的中α尺度对流云团是造成"0804"过程强降水的直接原因。尽管"0525"过程能量条件较"0804"过程差,但仍需关注中纬度系统(低槽、西南涡等)的快速发展和稳定维持,还需关注高空冷空气的干侵入作用。这对低层系统加深发展起到增幅作用,有利于降水加强。这也是初夏暴雨的预报着眼点。     

The frequency, intensity, and diurnal cycle of precipitation in surface and satellite observations over low- and mid-latitudes

Global precipitation data sets with high spatial and temporal resolution are needed for many applications, but they were unavailable before the recent creation of several such satellite products. Here, we evaluate four different satellite data sets of hourly or 3-hourly precipitation (namely CMORPH, PERSIANN, TRMM 3B42 and a microwave-only product referred to as MI) by comparing the spatial patterns in seasonal mean precipitation amount, daily precipitation frequency and intensity, and the diurnal and semidiurnal cycles among them and with surface synoptic weather reports. We found that these high-resolution products show spatial patterns in seasonal mean precipitation amount comparable to other monthly products for the low- and mid-latitudes, and the mean daily precipitation frequency and intensity maps are similar among these pure satellite-based precipitation data sets and consistent with the frequency derived using weather reports over land. The satellite data show that spatial variations in mean precipitation amount come largely from precipitation frequency rather than intensity, and that the use of satellite infrared (IR) observations to improve sampling does not change the mean frequency, intensity and the diurnal cycle significantly. Consistent with previous studies, the satellite data show that sub-daily variations in precipitation are dominated by the 24-h cycle, which has an afternoon–evening maximum and mean-to-peak amplitude of 30–100% of the daily mean in precipitation amount over most land areas during summer. Over most oceans, the 24-h harmonic has a peak from midnight to early morning with an amplitude of 10–30% during both winter and summer. These diurnal results are broadly consistent with those based on the weather reports, although the time of maximum in the satellite precipitation is a few hours later (especially for TRMM and PERSIANN) than that in the surface observations over most land and ocean, and it is closer to the phase of showery precipitation from the weather reports. The TRMM and PERSIANN precipitation shows a spatially coherent time of maximum around 0300–0600 local solar time (LST) for a weak (amplitude <20%) semi-diurnal (12-h) cycle over most mid- to high-latitudes, comparable to 0400–0600 LST in the surface data. The satellite data also confirm the notion that the diurnal cycle of precipitation amount comes mostly from its frequency rather than its intensity over most low and mid-latitudes, with the intensity has only about half of the strength of the diurnal cycle in the frequency and amount. The results suggest that these relatively new precipitation products can be useful for many applications.     

蒸发量季节变化特点与干旱发生关系的初步分析

通过对广西灵山县1997～2007年E601蒸发器逐句蒸发量及同期的旬降雨量、气温、日照时数、相对湿度、风速等资料的分析,结果表明:蒸发量大小与气温、日照时数关系密切,而且蒸发量的季节变化与气温、日照时数等季节变化同步.在此基础上,分析了降水量与蒸发量差值的大小与农业干旱发生关系,应用水量亏欠量比现行的干旱指标更能真实反映当地农业干旱发生的实际情况,对开展气象专项服务有积极的参考意义.     

珠穆朗玛峰登山气象条件分析

利用珠穆朗玛峰地区定日气象站1959—2009年气象探测资料,分析了珠穆朗玛峰地区的降水、气温、高空风等气象要素变化特征并重点总结珠穆朗玛峰地区主要登山期(春季)成功登顶的天气、气候背景及大气环流形势。结果表明,5月500 hPa环流中高纬度为宽广的低值区,乌拉尔山地区基本维持长波槽或低值中心,咸海—里海和贝加尔湖附近多存在脊区;伊朗高压偏北且东伸至印度半岛,印度副热带高压与咸海、里海附近高压脊同位相叠加且北抬加强,西太平洋副热带高压维持在中南半岛以西;孟加拉湾、印度半岛低槽或低压中心建立,高原南部南支槽不明显;东亚大槽偏强、偏东。对应西藏高原和珠穆朗玛峰地区降水偏弱等特征,5月是攀登珠穆朗玛峰的最佳时机,且20时至凌晨之间更适合登顶。     

气候变化影响的最新认知

政府间气候变化专门委员会（IPCC）第二工作组于2007年4月6日正式发布了第四次评估报告,该报告客观、全面而审慎地评估了气候变化已有的和未来的可能影响。现有观测证据表明,人为增暖可能已对许多自然和生物系统产生了可辨别的影响,但由于适应以及非气候因子的作用,许多影响还难以辨别。21世纪中期,某些中纬度和热带干旱地区年平均河流径流量和可用水量会减少10%～30%;如果全球平均温度增幅超过1.5～2.5℃,目前所评估的20%～30%动植物物种可能面临灭绝的风险会增大;从全球角度看,局地平均温度增加1～3℃,预计粮食生产潜力会增加,但若超过这一范围,则会减少。兼顾适应和减缓的措施能够降低气候变化相关风险。     

利用红外辐射光谱反演大气CO2浓度的理论研究

依据最新的大气分子光谱数据集(HITRAN 2004),利用逐线积分辐射传输模式,模拟计算了大气顶射出红外辐射光谱及其对大气CO2浓度变化的灵敏度,发现:大气CO2 4.3 μm吸收带,特别是2 2412 249 cm-1、2 2502 258 cm-1、2 2592 267 cm-1和2 3822 390 cm-1波段射出的红外辐射,随CO2浓度的增加而显著降低,且很少受其他大气成分变化干扰,因此特别适于用来遥感探测大气CO2浓度的变化.根据最优非线性反演方法,反演获得了015 km的大气CO2廓线,结果表明,利用上述4个通道的红外辐射值,可精确反演出自由对流层的CO2浓度变化.     

郑州市霾天气的气候特征分析

利用1961-2007年地面观测资料,分析了郑州市霾天气时空分布及相应气象要素特征.结果表明:郑州市霾日数月、季变化表现为1月最多,8月最少;10月至翌年3月霾日数占全年的75%.年霾日数呈阶梯式上升趋势,60年代年平均霾日数6.6个,与本世纪初年平均霾日数的81.1个相差75个.霾天气发生时,多为正变压、负变温;相对湿度在20%-59%之间;风速＜3 m·s-1,风向在NE-ESE-S范围内概率较大.     

Comparison Between Computer Simulation of Transport and Diffusion of Cloud Seeding Material Within Stratiform Cloud and the NOAA-14 Satellite Cloud Track

A precipitation enhancement operation using an aircraft was conducted from 1415 to 1549 LST 14 March 2000 in Shaanxi Province. The NOAA-14 satellite data received at 1535 LST soon after the cloud seeding shows that a vivid cloud track appears on the satellite image. The length, average width and maximum width of the cloud track are 301 kin, 8.3 and 11 kin, respectively. Using a three-dimensional numerical model of transport and diffusion of seeding material within stratiform clouds, the spatial concentration distribution characteristics of seeding material at different times, especially at the satellite receiving time,are simulated. The model results at the satellite receiving time axe compared with the features of the cloud track. The transported position of the cloud seeding material coincides with the position of the track. The width, shape and extent of diffusion of the cloud seeding material are similar to that of the cloud track.The spatial variation of width is consistent with that of the track. The simulated length of each segment of the seeding line accords with the length of every segment of the track. Each segment of the cloud track corresponds to the transport and diffusion of each segment of the seeding line. These results suggest that the cloud track is the direct physical reflection of cloud seeding at the cloud top. The comparison demonstrates that the numerical model of transport and diffusion can simulate the main characteristics of transport and diffusion of seeding material, and the simulated results are sound and trustworthy. The area, volume, width, depth, and lateral diffusive rate corresponding to concentrations 1, 4, and 10 L^-1 are simulated in order to understand the variations of influencing range.