Preliminary Study on Horizontal Deformation and Tectonic Activity in the Northern Part of North China Using GPS Remeasurement Results

In this paper, the baseline variation and displacement vector was analyzed using the calculated results of GPS measurements carried out from 1995 to 1996 in North China. Based on these analytical results, we studied the recent tectonic activity. In general, the regional extension is dominant in the direction of proximately EW, but there is a difference in the SN direction. Extension is significant in the Shanxi fault-depression zone and Bohai region, while compression with strike-slip is characterized along the Yishui-Tancheng segment of the Tanlu fault zone. The baseline shortening zone is distributed along the Baotou-Zhangjiakou-Ninghe areas. It is a boundary zone of regional variation where many differences of crustal horizontal deformation are discovered between the southern part and the northern part of this zone. The baseline shortening zone in NE direction is distributed along the Jianchang-Tangshan-Gucheng area. It is consistent with the Tangshan-Xingtai seismic zone which indicates that tectoni     

唐山大震前后震区构造应力场的光弹性模拟实验

本文根据唐山震区的地质构造模拟制作光弹模型,以N60°E方向加压进行唐山震前应力场的光弹性模拟实验。用打孔的方法模拟强震的应力释放。实验结果表明:1.在N60°E方向压缩时,唐山—丰南一带、滦县、野鸡坨和卢龙等地区是最大剪应力集中区,与唐山7.8级、滦县7.1级地震及强余震的震中分布基本吻合。说明唐山大震及余震的发生是近东西向压应力场作用的结果。2.当唐山7.8级地震应力释放后,震前具有高应力背景值的其它地区,应力进一步加强。说明唐山地震的发生导致了应力场的重新调整,增强了强余震发震的动力条件。3.实验结果证明,在断裂带两侧、端部或几条断裂的复合部位,其主应力方向与区域应力场的总体方向比较,大致有10°～25°的偏转。强震的应力释放导致震中区附近的主应力方向与震前相比也发生约10°～20°的偏差。     

1984年元月6日旦马(M=5.5)级地震前重力固体潮的异常形态

重力预报地震的数据虽有多种,但它们的物理实质是一样的。因此,我们日常工作中只使用日均值和潮汐因子δ值。日均值能反映震前地壳的快速蠕滑过程,δ值反映了震前趋势的变化。我们将日均值作为短临预报指标,将δ值作为中长期预报指标。     

Isolation of PAH-degrading bacteria from mangrove sediments and their biodegradation potential

Surface sediment samples were collected from seven mangrove swamps in Hong Kong SAR with different degrees of contamination. The total concentrations of 16 PAHs in these sediments ranged from 169.41 to 1058.37 ng g⁻¹ with the highest concentration found in Ma Wan and the lowest in Kei Ling Ha Lo Wai mangrove swamp. In each swamp, three bacterial consortia were enriched from sediments using phenanthrene (Phe) as the sole carbon and energy source, and individual bacterial colony showing Phe degradation was isolated and identified by 16S rDNA gene sequence. The consortia enriched from Sai Keng and Ho Chung sediments had highest ability to degrade mixed PAHs in liquid medium, with 90% Phe and Fla (fluoranthene) degraded in 7 days. On the other hand, Kei Ling Ha Lo Wai-enriched consortia degraded less than 40% Phe and Fla. Pyrene (Pyr) was hardly degraded by the consortia enriched from sediments. Bacterial isolates, namely Rhodococcus (HCCS), Sphingomonas (MWFG) and Paracoccus (SPNT) were capable to degrade mixed PAHs (Phe + Fla + Pyr). Their degradation percentages could be lower, comparable or even higher than their respective enriched consortia, depending on the consortium and the type of PAH compounds. These results suggest that PAH-degrading bacteria enriched from mangrove sediments, either as a mixed culture or as a single isolate could be used for PAHs bioremediation.     

立交模式和其在地震预报中的应用

在把地震带的延伸方向与地面上可见的或可判的构造带的方向作对比的时侯,人们发现在很多情况两者是一致的,另外也有不少情况两者是不一致的。前一种情况的道理显而易见,人们也讨论较多,而后一种情况人们却讨论很少,有时只是用隐伏构造这一简单名词作回答,并未阐明其成因问题。本文从震源物理的角度提出立交模式来阐明这个问题并试图把其应用于地震预报。如所周知,岩石圈由上到下其温度和压力是渐增的,另外岩石的酸度却是渐减的。这三个因素随深度的变化使岩石圈的上部其破坏显脆性,下部则显塑性;另外上部可把不同地质时代形成的断层保留下来(因摩擦强度小于破裂强度),下部则不能保留下来(因摩擦强度与破裂强度相等),除非更深部有高温物质充填于断层带上,形成充热断层。以上是立交式的地球物理背景。至于立交模式本身可论述于下。在板块运动力作用下,中国大陆岩石圈上部和下部都有统一的应力场展     

震中迁移与前兆穴位

1985年5月,在昆明举行了西南地震工作二十周年纪念大会。作者在会上宣读了震中迁移与前兆穴位的论文。本文就是在这篇论文的基础上写出的。我们发现在过去震中迁移的始发点上的前兆手段一旦观测到短临异常,则台址附近有震或历史上震中迁移所至之处有震(误差约60公里)。另外过去地震幕的开幕点上的前兆也具有类似的情况。我们称震中迁移始发点为震迁穴,称开幕点为开幕穴。为了理解上述现象,我们可把震中迁移广义化为构造事件的迁移。这种构造事件速度快者为地震,次快者不发射地震波,但可引起其他前兆。据此可把甲地向乙地的构造事件迁移分为以下三种情况。1.快速事件(地震)→快速事件(地震) 2.次快速事件(前兆)→快速事件(地震) 3.地震(快速事件)→次快速事件(后效) 如果一个迁移带上已表现过第一种情况,则第二和第三种情况也可能表现。其中第二种情况具有前兆定向预报的意义,是本文讨论的重。对于震迁穴上的前兆为什么属于短临前兆的问题,我们可用立交模式和调制模式相结合来解释。从调制模式的角度来看,地震迁移始发点和开幕点一旦呈现后,若历时又不很长,则它们是容易被调制的地点(简称易调点)。易调点被外因调制后可触发下岩石圈中的蠕滑断层传播,从而引起其他地段的大震发生。我们认为前兆穴位可分两种:一种为静态穴位,如由构造条件和台址条件决定的穴位;另一种是动态穴位,如由地震活动图象决定的穴位。本文还提出了构交穴、库渗穴、震后穴、垂烈穴和址良穴等。这些都需要进一步研究。以上讨论的是用前兆资料结合历史上震中迁移资料预报地震的方法。这只是预报方案之一。另一方案是前兆观测点附近有震,其发震日期仍按调制公式计算,其震级可按前兆范围半径R与震级M的关系式计算。从组合模式出发,作者和秦保燕得出以下公式: 若取近似式,则为: logR=0.5M-1.4 式中R以公里为单位。如用单台前兆资料,则不同的R相应不同的震级。     

Electrical conductivity of hydrous silicate melts and aqueous fluids: Measurement and applications

The combination of magnetotelluric survey and laboratory measurements of electrical conductivity is a powerful approach for exploring the conditions of Earth’s deep interior. Electrical conductivity of hydrous silicate melts and aqueous fluids is sensitive to composition, temperature, and pressure, making it useful for understanding partial melting and fluid activity at great depths. This study presents a review on the experimental studies of electrical conductivity of silicate melts and aqueous fluids, and introduces some important applications of experimental results. For silicate melts, electrical conductivity increases with increasing temperature but decreases with pressure. With a similar Na⁺ concentration, along the calc-alkaline series electrical conductivity generally increases from basaltic to rhyolitic melt, accompanied by a decreasing activation enthalpy. Electrical conductivity of silicate melts is strongly enhanced with the incorporation of water due to promoted cation mobility. For aqueous fluids, research is focused on dilute electrolyte solutions. Electrical conductivity typically first increases and then decreases with increasing temperature, and increases with pressure before approaching a plateau value. The dissociation constant of electrolyte can be derived from conductivity data. To develop generally applicable quantitative models of electrical conductivity of melt/fluid addressing the dependences on temperature, pressure, and composition, it requires more electrical conductivity measurements of representative systems to be implemented in an extensive P-T range using up-to-date methods.     

基于长江安徽段气枪主动源实验庐江台阵的台站对双差地震速度成像

针对气枪主动源监测中相位加权叠加数据绝对到时拾取可能存在较大误差的问题,提出基于台站之间叠加信号波形的相似性,利用台站对波形的互相关得到更准确到时差的策略。在此基础上,将台站对双差地震速度成像方法直接用于台站对到时差数据,以确定地下介质的速度异常。本文利用长江安徽段气枪实验在庐江临时地震台阵接收到的数据进行了测试,发现基于波形互相关得到的到时差数据比绝对到时数据更准确。最后,采用台站对双差地震成像的方法,得到了庐江台阵覆盖区域的地壳三维速度异常模型,继而确定了该地区较大尺度的地下结构分布。     

甘肃祁连山主动源重复探测项目建设及震源重复性分析

甘肃祁连山主动源重复探测激发源位于甘肃省张掖市祁连山西流水水库,2015年7月9日各系统开始正式运行,11月10日完成了为期40天的连续激发实验。观测资料处理结果表明,气枪震源具有良好的一致性和可重复性,整个观测系统能比较清晰地记录到震源激发的信号。祁连山主动源项目建设取得的结果可为主动源探测工作提供宝贵经验和科学借鉴,不断取得的观测数据为跟踪了解祁连山地区的深部结构时空变化提供了可能。     

Multi-resolution graph-based clustering analysis for lithofacies identification from well log data: Case study of intraplatform bank gas fields,Amu Darya Basin

In this study, we used the multi-resolution graph-based clustering (MRGC) method for determining the electrofacies (EF) and lithofacies (LF) from well log data obtained from the intraplatform bank gas fields located in the Amu Darya Basin. The MRGC could automatically determine the optimal number of clusters without prior knowledge about the structure or cluster numbers of the analyzed data set and allowed the users to control the level of detail actually needed to define the EF. Based on the LF identification and successful EF calibration using core data, an MRGC EF partition model including five clusters and a quantitative LF interpretation chart were constructed. The EF clusters 1 to 5 were interpreted as lagoon, anhydrite flat, interbank, low-energy bank, and high-energy bank, and the coincidence rate in the cored interval could reach 85%. We concluded that the MRGC could be accurately applied to predict the LF in non-cored but logged wells. Therefore, continuous EF clusters were partitioned and corresponding LF were interpreted, and the distribution and petrophysical characteristics of different LF were analyzed in the framework of sequence stratigraphy.