GIS-based hazard mapping and zonation of debris flows in Xiaojiang Basin,southwestern China

Debris flow sites were identified at 140 locations in the Xiaojiang Basin in Yunnan province, southwestern China. Their spatial distribution and catchment characteristics are described in detail on the basis of previous research, air photo interpretation, field investigation and mapping using Geographical Information Systems (GIS). Using a statistical approach, a quantitative model of hazards assessment and zonation was developed through synthesis analysis of basin areas, gradients, and the relative reliefs of these debris flow sites. In terms of debris flow hazard assessment, areas within the Xiaojiang Basin can be classified as severe, heavy and light hazard regions.     

土壤有机无机复合体的研究进展

对土壤有机无机复合体结构模型、有机无机复合体与团聚体的关系、有机无机复合体的肥力特征等方面的最新研究成果进行了综合评述。现代测试技术和计算机技术的应用为土壤有机无机复合体的研究提供了新的研究途径,发展形成了腐殖质胶体、有机无机复合体及有机质-异源生物物质复合体的结构模型,在纳米化学水平和三维分子结构模型上重新认识和阐明土壤有机无机复合体的结构和功能;有机无机复合体是土壤改良剂、营养源和重金属或有机有毒污染物过滤器;应在土壤科学、环境科学和生态学中,重视有机物质与矿物质相互作用和结构模型研究,加强土壤有机无机复合体环境化学行为和颗粒迁移动力学的研究。     

Statistical Properties of the Highest Pulses in Gamma-Ray Bursts

We study the statistical properties of the highest pulses within individual gamma-ray bursts (GRBs). A wavelet package analysis technique and a developed pulse-finding algorithm have been applied to identify the highest pulses from burst profiles observed by BATSE on board CGRO from 1991 April 21 to 1999 January 26. The statistical light curves of the highest pulses in four energy channels have been derived by an aligning method, which illustrate the temporal evolution of the pulse emission. Our result that narrower pulses go with higher energies is consistent with previous findings. By normalizing both the pulse durations and counts to unity, “characteristic” profiles of the highest pulses in the four channels are also derived. The four characteristic profiles are turned out to be almost the same, thus strongly support the previous conclusion that the temporal profiles in different energy channels are self-similar and the previous conjecture on GRB pulses, implying that the emission process is similar at different energies. The cosmological time dilation effect is examined by investigating the relationship between the pulse flux and pulse duration. An anti-correlation between the two was found, which agrees with the expectation of the cosmological time dilation effect. Also, the evolution of the pulse duration with the observational epoch is studied. The result shows that the pulse duration tends to be shorter in later epochs. This trend cannot be explained by the present theoretical models, and may represent a great challenge to current theories.     

基于抗震性态的设防标准研究

以基于性态的抗震设计为出发点,并以我国为例,针对目前国内外抗震设防标准的若干问题和不足,提出了基于性态抗震设计的三环节抗震设防方法．将现有的设防内容改为确定结构的抗震设计类别、确定设计烈度或设计地震动参数、确定建筑的重要性等级３个方面,并分别在每一方面进行具体深入的研究,从而形成了一套完整的基于性态的抗震设防标准确定的原则、方法和框架,可以直接用来编制规范供抗震设计使用．      

The Generating Region of Bidirectional Electron Beams in the Corona

Metric and decimetric type III bursts and microwave spike emissions with negative and positive frequency drift rates which were observed with radio spectrometers at Yunnan and Beijing Observatories are presented. The frequencies and heights at which the bidirectional electron beams originated are estimated. Three events reveal a separatrix frequency (at 250, 1300, and 2900 MHz) between normal- and reverse-drifting radio bursts, indicating a compact acceleration source where electron beams are injected in both upward and downward directions. These cases may indicate that the changeover frequencies of bidirectional electron beams are within a large band from 250 to 2900 MHz and the frequency bands of separatrices are in very small (4 to 100 MHz) and different bands. These type III bursts appear to be a plasma emission phenomenon from a beam of electrons which seem to have widely separated acceleration regions from the high to the low corona. These cases suggest that current sheets that separate open and closed magnetic fluxes in the low corona, and oppositely directed open field lines in the high corona are possible sites for bidirectional electron acceleration. The regions of magnetic topology from closed to open magnetic field structures should be very large (from about 20000 to 107000 km above the photosphere).     

Biological mechanisms driving the seasonal changes in the internal loading of phosphorus in shallow lakes

Because of the obvious importance of P as a nutrient that often accelerates growth of phytoplankton (including toxic cyanobacteria) and therefore worsens water quality, much interest has been devoted to P exchange across the sediment-water interface. Generally, the release mode of P from the sediment differed greatly between shallow and deep lakes, and much of the effort has been focused on iron and oxygen, and also on the relevant environmental factors, for example, turbulence and decomposition, but a large part of the P variation in shallow lakes remains unexplained. This paper reviews experimental and field studies on the mechanisms of P release from the sediment in the shallow temperate (in Europe) and subtropical (in the middle and lower reaches of the Yangtze River in China) lakes, and it is suggested that pH rather than DO might be more important in driving the seasonal dynamics of internal P loading in these shallow lakes, i.e., intense photosynthesis of phytoplankton increases pH of the lake water and thus may increase pH of the surface sediment, leading to enhanced release of P (especially iron-bound P) from the sediment. Based on the selective pump of P (but not N) from the sediment by algal blooms, it is concluded that photosynthesis which is closely related to eutrophication level is the driving force for the seasonal variation of internal P loading in shallow lakes. This is a new finding. Additionally, the selective pump of P from the sediment by algal blooms not only explains satisfactorily why both TP and PO₄-P in the hypereutrophic Lake Donghu declined significantly since the mid-1980s when heavy cyanobacterial blooms were eliminated by the nontraditional biomanipulation (massive stocking of the filter-feeding silver and bighead carps), but also explains why TP in European lakes decreased remarkably in the spring clear-water phase with less phytoplankton during the seasonal succession of aquatic communities or when phytoplankton biomass was decreased by traditional biomanipulation. Compared with deep lakes, wax and wane of phytoplankton due to alternations in the ecosystem structure is also able to exert significant influences on the P exchange at the sediment-water interface in shallow lakes. In other words, biological activities are also able to drive P release from sediments, and such a static P release process is especially more prominent in eutrophic shallow lakes with dense phytoplankton.     

Changes in the patterns of inorganic nitrogen and TN/TP ratio and the associated mechanism of biological regulation in the shallow lakes of the middle and lower reaches of the Yangtze River

The changes of NH₃-N, NO₃-N, NO₂-N and TN/TP were studied during growth and non-growth season in 33 subtropical shallow lakes in the middle and lower reaches of the Yangtze River. There were significant positive correlations among all nutrient concentrations, and the correlations were better in growth season than in non-growth season. When TP>0.1 mgL^?1, NH₃-N increased sharply in non-growth season with increasing TP, and NO₃-N increased in growth season but decreased in non-growth season with TP. These might be attributed to lower dissolved oxygen and low temperature in non-growth season of the hypereutrophic lakes, since nitrification is more sensitive to dissolved oxygen and temperature than antinitrification. When 0.1 mgL^?1>TP>0.035 mgL^?1, TN and all kinds of inorganic nitrogen were lower in growth season than in non-growth season, and phytoplankton might be the vital regulating factor. When TP<0.035 mgL^?1, inorganic nitrogen concentrations were relatively low and NH₃-N, NO₂-N had significant correlations with phytoplankton, indicating that NH₃-N and NO₂-N might be limiting factors to phytoplankton. In addition, TN/TP went down with decline in TP concentration, and TN and inorganic nitrogen concentrations were obviously lower in growth season than in non-growth season, suggesting that decreasing nitrogen (especially NH₃-N and NO₃-N) was an important reason for the decreasing TN/TP in growth season. The ranges of TN/TP were closely related to trophic level in both growth and non-growth seasons, and it is apparent that in the eutrophic and hypertrophic state the TN/TP ratio was obviously lower in growth season than in non-growth season. The changes of the TN/TP ratio were closely correlated with trophic levels, and both declines of TN in the water column and TP release from the sediment were important factors for the decline of the TN/TP ratio in growth season.     

喀斯特地区某桩基工程溶洞的处理措施

本文总结了粤北喀斯特地区某桩基础工程的施工过程,论述了喀斯特地区的溶洞特征及所采取的处理措施。     

基于GIS的土地利用规划公众参与研究

在介绍公众参与在土地利用规划中的地位、作用、方式的基础上,提出将GIS应用于土地利用规划公众参与,提出了GIS辅助土地利用规划公众参与的主要功能,对照国内外GIS应用探讨了GIS辅助土地利用规划公众参与的模式,结合土地利用规划各阶段公众参与的特点提出的GIS辅助土地利用规划公众参与的框架。     

气象条件对高速公路路面抗滑性能影响的试验

对高速公路路面抗滑性能与温度、路面状况及使用融雪剂等不同条件的关系进行测试和分析,测试在实验室条件下和实际路面上分别进行。测试及分析结果表明:路面抗滑性能因气温和路面状况不同而有很大差异,尤其是冬季的冰雪和低温天气,对路面抗滑性能的不利影响最为显著。此外,气象条件与路面实际抗滑性能的关系还与其标准抗滑性能有关。