2021年青海玛多Ms7.4地震的重力挠曲均衡背景与震前重力变化

本文综合利用EIGEN6C4布格重力异常、SIO V15.1地形和流动重力观测数据,研究2021年玛多Ms7.4地震的重力挠曲均衡背景和震前重力变化特征.首先,基于岩石圈挠曲均衡模型,结合布格重力异常和地形数据,采用有限差分方法计算了震中及周边地区(青藏高原东北部)岩石圈有效弹性厚度(Te)和挠曲均衡重力异常.结果表明,青藏高原东北部Te为0～100 km,横向差异明显,且与块体构造关系密切.巴颜喀拉块体以北的柴达木块体Te值高达50～80 km,以南的羌塘块体大部分区域的Te大于20 km,五道梁以南出现局部大于30 km的高值区,玉树—德格地区出现局部大于40 km的高值区.巴颜喀拉块体Te为0～20 km,较其南北块体明显偏小,更易于发生形变,从而在南北"夹持"下发生物质东向运动,是青藏高原中部物质东流的主要区域.地震易发生在岩石圈强弱变化的过渡地带(Te变化梯度带),以及Te较小区域的断裂带上.本次地震即发生在巴颜喀拉块体内部Te低值区,震中附近有效弹性厚度约为15 km.震前流动重力变化分析表明,2015年以来3～5年的累积重力变化自西向东呈负-正-负的区域性变化特征,大致以震中为界形成了垂直于断裂带的重力变化高梯度带,主要反映了震前青藏高原物质东流过程中出现的深部构造运动态势.2018年以来的重力变化主要呈围绕震中形成西正-东负的弱区域性变化特征,显示震中地区已处于高应力应变的"固化"状态,地震即发生在重力变化零值线拐弯部位.     

Configuration analysis of deepwater S-lay pipeline

The safety of offshore pipeline has drawn a great deal of attention during deepwater installation due to the combined actions of high external pressure, axial tension, and bending moment. Meanwhile, the pipeline configuration has a remarkable effect on the structural behaviour of the tube. The special studies focus on the deepwater S-lay technique in the present paper. The stiffened catenary theory is applied to establish the static equilibrium governing differential equation of a pipe element, and the solution equations of the total pipeline configuration from a lay-barge over a stinger to the seabed are derived. The numerical iteration method for solving pipeline configuration is described in detail, and the corresponding program is developed to conduct the analysis of effects of various parameters such as laying water depth, pipe diameter, thickness of concrete weighted coating layer, stinger length, control strain, and axial tension on pipeline configuration. The results show that the laying water depth, the submerged weight of the pipe, and the axial tension are the critical factors influencing pipeline configuration. In addition, geometrical parameters of the stinger such as length, radius, and shape have an important effect on the pipe-laying capacity of the vessel. The validity of the program is further verified by means of a comparison with results obtained from the commercial finite element software OFFPIPE.     

广东信宜井水位异常分析

针对信宜井水位2018年8月中旬快速下降后又转折上升的异常变化特征,通过实地异常调查和以往的震例总结,建立水位与降雨量关系的多元回归方程,综合分析该井水位异常原因.初步判定水位快速下降后又大幅回升有多个影响因素,一是附近工地抽水与施工爆破可能导致了水位下降;二是水位大幅度回升并不只是由降雨造成,还有别的干扰因素.通过此次信宜井水位异常变化的调查,形成的分析过程和方法,有助于今后此类水位异常的判别.     

古尔班通古特沙漠生境对植物群落格局的影响

This paper reports a geomorphologic landscape investigation, vegetation survey and soil sampling at 14 sites across the Gurbantunggut Desert between 87°37′09"-88°24′04"E and 44°14′04"-45°41′52′Nl. The study encountered 8 species of low trees and shrubs, 5 of perennial herbs, 8of annual plants and 48 of ephemeral and ephemeroid plants. These species of plants represent one-third of the species found in the Gurbantunggut Desert, and their communities make up a large proportion of desert vegetation with great landscape significance. In the investigation we found that the plant communities are accordingly succeeded with the spatial variation of macro-ecoenvironment.Using Principal Component Analysis (PCA) and Correlation Analysis (CA) we found that the micro-ecoenvironment heterogeneity of aeolian sandy soil′s physical and chemical properties such as soil nutrient, soil moisture, soil salt, pH etc. only impacted the diversity of herb synusia (PIEherb) of the desert, with a negative correlation. Meanwhile, the impact of microhabitat on the plant community pattern with an antagonistic interaction made vegetation′s eco-distribution in a temporary equilibrium.     

桂中坳陷环江凹陷上古生界海相页岩储层孔隙结构和分形特征研究

通过有机地化分析、全岩X衍射矿物分析、甲烷等温吸附及低压氮气吸附实验,本文对桂中坳陷环江凹陷上古生界页岩样品的孔隙结构及分形特征进行了研究.结果表明:研究区页岩总有机碳含量(TOC)平均为2.40%,热成熟度(Ro)平均为2.65%,处于过成熟演化阶段.页岩主要的矿物组成为石英和黏土.页岩的比表面积平均为5.86 m2/g,孔容平均为0.014 9 mL/g,平均孔径为11.2 nm.页岩中发育大量的中孔,主要呈两端开口的圆筒形孔或四边开放的平行板状孔.页岩中TOC含量和石英含量越多,微-中孔越发育、比表面积和孔容越大,而平均孔径则变小.通过Frenkel-Halsey-Hill (FHH)模型和氮气吸附实验数据计算得到孔隙表面分形维数D1(平均为2.428 4)和孔隙结构分形维数D2(平均为2.622 2),对应的相对压力(P/P0)分别是0~ 0.45和0.45 ~ 0.99.分形维数D1、D2随着比表面积、孔容的增加而增加,而平均孔径随着前者的增加而减小.分形维数D1、D2、TOC含量、石英含量和甲烷吸附量之间呈现较好的正相关性,但随着黏土矿物含量的增多而减小.分形维数D1与Langmuir压力存在弱负相关性,分形维数D2随Langmuir压力增大有变大的趋势.桂中坳陷西北部页岩分形维数越大,孔隙结构越复杂,其对天然气的吸附和存储能力越强.     

辽东盖州-庄河地区榆树砬子岩组碎屑锆石U-Pb年代学与Hf同位素研究:对华北克拉通陆壳演化的制约

出露于辽东地区盖州-庄河一带的榆树砬子岩组,作为该区不整合覆盖于古元古代辽河群之上最早的稳定沉积盖层,其沉积时代、物源区及沉积环境的研究对了解华北克拉通的构造演化具有重要科学意义。目前该地区依然缺乏关于榆树砬子岩组形成时代和区域地层对比的数据。本文在详细野外地质调查基础上,通过碎屑锆石U-Pb定年、Hf同位素示踪等手段,对该岩组的沉积环境及时限、物源区及与燕辽裂谷带内中元古代地层的时空关系等问题进行了讨论。通过对榆树砬子岩组与燕辽裂谷带内常州沟组对比,发现尽管锆石U-Pb定年结果表明榆树砬子岩组沉积时代晚于1803Ma,但二者在锆石年龄谱、物源成分、岩石组合及沉积旋回序列等方面具有一定相似性。龙岗地块及辽南陆块太古宙基底、古元古代辽吉花岗岩以及古元古代同碰撞或碰撞后岩浆岩可能为榆树砬子岩组提供了物源。同时,锆石Hf同位素特征表明华北克拉通东北缘记录了自～4. 1Ga以来的一系列地壳生长事件,其峰期主要发生于31～27亿年,与华北克拉通其他地区的数据一致,为华北克拉通太古代的陆壳演化提供了新的佐证。     

纳如松多矿集区电性结构特征及对成矿作用的约束

为了研究西藏纳如松多矿集区的电性结构特征和对成矿作用的约束,对覆盖矿集区的大地电磁测深数据进行全面的数据处理分析,得到了可靠的二维电性结构模型.研究结果表明,分别在深度为40~50 km,20~30 km和10 km处见高导体,推测这些高导体可能为部分熔融和水流体共同所致.由于纳如松多矿集区内矿床为岩浆-热液型,深部岩浆的上涌在成矿作用中起到关键作用,所以壳内高导体可能为与成矿有关岩浆房的电性痕迹,将这些高导体连起来可能代表着深部热液向上运移的古通道.电性结构主要体现了壳内高导体与区域成矿动力作用的关系,向上运移的富矿岩浆也可能通过局部的隐伏构造运移到Pb-Zn和Fe-Cu矿床的位置,再演化形成矿体.     

青藏高原申扎-双湖剖面岩石圈电性结构特征及其含义

为了研究班公湖-怒江缝合带的壳幔电性结构及构造特征,并为其俯冲极性提供电性约束,对青藏高原中部申扎-双湖大地电磁测深剖面进行全面数据处理分析,获得了可靠的二维电性结构模型,研究表明:沿剖面上地壳分布的是规模不等的高阻体,底面埋深在10~25 km变化,高阻层之下发现由不连续的高导体构成的中下地壳高导层.通过对电性结构的分析,认为班公湖-怒江特提斯洋的俯冲消亡极性可能是双向的,随后拉萨-羌塘地体碰撞带处的上地壳高阻体发生拆沉,以上两次动力学事件可能共同作用于缝合带处的壳幔高导体,同时北拉萨地体的壳幔高导体还可能体现了构造作用、岩浆活动和成矿作用之间的关系.     

Geochemical Characteristics of Wuyang Siliceous Rocks in the Southern Margin of North China Craton and its Constraint on the Formation Environment of BIF of Tieshanmiao Formation

Precambrian banded iron formation(BIF) is one of the most important mineral resources in China, mostly abundant in the North China Craton(NCC) with relatively less common in South China. Since the BIF and siliceous rocks both originated from chemical deposition, the syngenetic BIF and Siliceous rocks can help evaluate their environment of formation. We examine here the mineralogy and geochemistry of siliceous rocks associated with the Tieshanmiao Formation BIF, aiming to decipher the conditions of formation of both BIF and Siliceous rocks in the Wuyang area in the NCC. Analysis of the geochemical characteristics of whole rock shows that the Si O2 content of the siliceous rock ranges from 90.11% to 94.85% and is relatively high overall. Trace element contents of Ba and U are also high, the Ba/Sr ratio ranges from 3.89 to 25.28 and the U/Th ratio ranges from 0.09 to 0.20. Finally, the ΣREE value of rare earth elements ranges from 57.03 ppm to 152.59 ppm, and these indexes all indicate that siliceous rock resulted from hydrothermal deposition. Plots of Al2 O3-Si O2, Si O2/(K2 O+Na2 O)-Mn O2/Ti O2 and Mn-10×(Cu+Co+Ni)-Fe in discrimination diagrams also verify this interpretation. However, both the Mg O content, ranging from 0.16 to 0.32, and the Fe/Ti ratio, ranging from 2.50 to 9.72, suggest that terrigenous material was added during the depositional process. Major and trace element parameters of siliceous rock, such as the Al/(A1+Fe+Mn) ratio(from 0.81 to 0.93), Mn O/Ti O2(from 0.00 to 0.17), Al/(Al+Fe)(from 0.82 to 0.93), Sc/Th ratio(from 0.21 to 0.50), U/Th(from 0.09 to 0.20),(La/Yb)N(from 0.83 to 3.04), and the(La/Ce)N(from 0.01 to 0.02) all imply that the siliceous rock formed in a continental margin. In addition, the Sr/Ba ratio from 0.08 to 0.26, the δCe value from 0.31 to 0.90, and the δEu value from 0.14 to 0.58, all indicate that the siliceous rock was formed at a relatively deeper water depth and under weak hydrodynamic conditions. Siliceous rock and BIF formed in the same geological setting, with the Si O2/(K2 O+Na2 O) ratio of siliceous rock ranging from 28.61 to 47.43, the Si O2/Al2 O3 ratio from 16.53 to 32.37, and the Si O2/Mg O ratio from 287.28 to 592.81, which are all in agreement with chemical deposition associated with volcanic eruptions. The Al2 O3/Ti O2 ratio from 37.82 to 50.30 indicates that the magma source of siliceous rock was of slightly intermediate composition. During the Late Archean in the Wuyang area, the high concentration and high purity Si O2 quickly precipitated from hydrothermal fluids to finally result in the accumulation of siliceous rock in a marginal sea, while the input corresponding to iron formation components was deposited to form iron formation layers, and limestone was only the product formed during the deposition intervals of siliceous rock and iron formations. In this study, the synsedimentary siliceous rocks of BIF act as a new way to provide direct evidence to understand the formation environment of BIF due to its high geochemical stability.     

正断层的阶区构造及生长机制：以狼山山前断层带为例

正断层带在生长过程中内部发育有阶区构造,阶区在正断层的相互作用、连接过程中起重要控制作用,同时阶区还影响地表径流和沉积盆地的发展、流体的运移和圈闭的形成。位于内蒙古河套断陷西缘的狼山山前断裂是晚新生代以来持续活动的大型正断层系统,断层带内部发育有不同类型的阶区构造。识别出了两种类型阶区的连接方式,一种是两条平行断层之间的斜坡从"软连接"到"硬连接"的演化过程;另一种是楔状阶区通过一条断层向另一条断层扩展的方式连接产生。基岩中的先存构造要素控制并影响山前正断层的展布方位及阶区的形态:基底内部NNE向糜棱面理控制山前断层带的走向,早期向SE倾斜的逆冲断层面被正断层局部利用。沿断层倾向方向,山前正断层逐渐向盆地方向扩展,最新活动的断层位于盆地边缘甚至盆地内部;沿断层走向方向,狼山山前正断层逐渐向南西侧扩展。