赣北芙蓉―周溪断面下蜀黄土粒度特征及其指示意义

赣北鄱阳湖地区沙山南部近南北向的芙蓉―周溪断面上,分布由FZ-01、FZ-02~FZ-05和FZ-06~FZ-12三部分组成的下蜀土剖面,粒度分析结果表明:1)下蜀黄土砂粒组分自北往南变化为27.29%、1.94%~7.23%和0.45%~7.27%;粉砂组分质量分数大,且存在差异变化,分别为68.23%、81.71%~87.20%和66.9%~79.39%;黏土组分自北向南质量分数增加,变化为4.48%、8.46%~16.35%和18.13%~32.07%,总体表现为砂黄土―黄土―黏黄土等相态的逐渐过渡;2)粒度三组分、粒度参数散点图等均表现为从北而南的阶段性系统渐变特征;3)各种粒度参数与距长江的远近,均服从对数函数变化关系。这些特征初步揭示研究区的下蜀黄土是风成的,并可能与同样是风成堆积的沙山的形成存在某种联系,属于区域性风沙-风尘堆积体系。     

壳聚糖/蒙脱土插层复合物对活性红染料的吸附热力学研究

采用溶液插层法,利用壳聚糖和蒙脱土制备了壳聚糖/蒙脱土插层复合物,使用红外光谱和X-射线衍射分析对其结构进行了表征;以此复合物为活性红染料RR136的吸附剂,考察了复合物中壳聚糖与蒙脱土的摩尔比、染料溶液pH值和浓度、吸附温度及吸附剂用量等因素对吸附性能的影响。结果表明,吸附反应的最佳条件是以壳聚糖与蒙脱土摩尔比为5∶1的插层复合物为吸附剂,反应温度20℃,RR136溶液pH为3。壳聚糖/蒙脱土插层复合物对活性红染料的吸附更符合Langmuir模型,吸附热力学参数ΔGo、ΔHo和ΔSo值分别为-3.338kJ·mol-1(30℃),-37.98kJ·mol-1和-114.77J·mol-1·K-1,表明壳聚糖/蒙脱土插层复合物对活性红染料的吸附是自发的、以物理吸附为主的放热反应。     

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AVO analysis of BSR to assess free gas within fine-grained sediments in the Shenhu area,South China Sea

Gas hydrates have been identified from two-dimensional (2D) seismic data and logging data above bottom simulating reflector (BSR) during China’s first gas hydrate drilling expedition in 2007. The multichannel reflection seismic data were processed to be preserved amplitudes for quantitatively analyzing amplitude variation with offset (AVO) at BSRs. Low P-wave velocity anomaly below BSR, coinciding with high amplitude reflections in 2D seismic data, indicates the presence of free gas. The absolute values of reflection coefficient versus incidence angles for BSR range from 0 to 0.12 at different CMPs near Site SH2. According to logging data and gas hydrate saturations estimated from resistivity of Site SH2, P-wave velocities calculated from effective media theory (EMT) fit the measured sonic velocities well and we choose EMT to calculate elastic velocities for AVO. The rock-physics modeling and AVO analysis were combined to quantitatively assess free gas saturations and distribution by the reflection coefficients variation of the BSRs in Shenhu area, South China Sea. AVO estimation indicates that free gas saturations immediately beneath BSRs may be about 0.2 % (uniform distribution) and up to about 10 % (patchy distribution) at Site SH2.     

鲜浒苔稀硫酸水解产糖工艺研究

分别用质量分数为0.6%、1.0%、1.4%、1.8%、2.2%的稀硫酸在121℃高温高压的条件下水解鲜浒苔30、60、90 min,浒苔水解残留物再用纤维素酶酶解,用DNS法测定上述各步骤中的还原糖产量。结果表明,浒苔总糖含量为67.2%。稀硫酸水解工艺中,硫酸质量分数为1.8%、水解90 min,浒苔还原糖转化率最高,达59.9%,每克干质量浒苔可产生447.0 mg还原糖。稀硫酸水解残留物纤维素酶酶解工艺中,浒苔还原糖转化率较低,在硫酸质量分数为0.6%、水解时间为60 min时还原糖转化率出现最大值,仅为6.5%。结果显示浒苔稀硫酸水解产还原糖效果显著,但并不能促进纤维素酶酶解。浒苔糖化可单独采用稀硫酸水解工艺,本实验条件下的最佳工艺条件为1.8%硫酸水解90 min。本研究探索了浒苔糖化工艺条件,对后续的浒苔燃料乙醇发酵研究具有一定的参考意义。     

基于特征区域统计的多光谱遥感影像海岛瞬时岸线提取(英文)

本研究采用IKONOS遥感图像,选取波谱特征区,通过区域像元统计并计算各波段权重系数,将影像进行波谱归一化处理,使归一化的影像岛陆与海水特征更明显。在此基础上,采用最大类间方差法确定最佳分割阈值,对归一化的影像进行二值化,从而提取海岛岸线。该方法采用特征曲线法进行水陆分离,得到的二值图像保持了原图的有效边缘,采用二值形态学提取的海岸线连续可靠、信噪比高。结果表明,该方法简单、快速,能有效提取海岸线,具有实用价值。     

华北平原某集约化种植区地下水污染探讨

以华北平原某集约化种植区为典型研究区域,通过对采集的8个地下水样品及11个土壤样品分析,探讨集约化种植区地下水的污染程度,解析其污染影响机制。结果表明:该集约化种植地区土壤中残留物主要为有机氯农药,多环芳烃及邻苯二甲酸酯类有机化合物。地下水中硝酸盐含量显著增加;重金属中以Cr含量最高,但均未超标;地下水并未受到有机氯农药的污染,但仍显示有多氯联苯的输入;半挥发性有机物检出种类较多,其中残留农膜释放的邻苯二甲酸酯类有机化合物浓度最高;地下水已受到较为严重的污染。集约化种植区大量施用化肥、农药和覆盖农膜,污染负荷严重,灌溉频繁且量大,污染质运移驱动力大是地下水污染的根本原因;当地包气带中黏性土厚度不均以及井孔止水不严等因素也成为了地下水受到污染的直接原因。     

江西省鄱阳湖信江决口三角洲沉积特征及模式

利用实地考察、浅钻孔、探槽及卫星影像等方法,对鄱阳湖信江决口三角洲进行了系统研究。该决口三角洲是洪水冲破信江西岸天然堤流入附近的河漫湖泊形成的,其平面形态为鸟足状,总体延伸方向与主河道近垂直。在横切剖面上整个决口三角洲沉积体呈透镜状覆盖在早期的湿地或河漫湖泊沉积之上。鄱阳湖信江决口三角洲可分为3个亚相:决口三角洲平原、决口三角洲前缘和决口前三角洲。决口三角洲平原主要发育决口河道、决口天然堤、废弃决口河道和湿地,其中决口河道又可以进一步划分为决口水道、边滩、汊口滩;决口三角洲前缘主要发育河口坝、支流间湾。河漫湖泊规模小、深度浅、波浪能量弱,对河口坝和决口河道砂体的改造较弱,不易形成连片分布的席状砂;决口前三角洲不发育。决口三角洲沉积受河流作用和河漫湖泊作用的共同控制,其演化可以划分为主河道天然堤生长阶段、决口初期阶段、进积分汊阶段及分汊—废弃阶段4个阶段。     

Availability of coastal groundwater discharge as an alternative water resource in a large-scale reclaimed land,Korea

This study was conducted to identify the availability of coastal groundwater discharge (CGD), subsurface fluids flowing from inland through the coastal area to sea, as an alternative water resource for a large-scale reclaimed land. The behaviors of stable isotopes indicated that groundwater originated from inland precipitation and traveled as CGD along the coast line. Most of the groundwater samples collected from domestic wells installed along the old coast line were considered to be relatively fresh from the correlation analysis among chemical constituents. The average electrical conductivity (EC) values of the samples were identified as averaging 1,125–1,297 μS cm^?1, corresponding to appropriate crop growth. A weathered-rock layer in a small catchment within the reclaimed land was proved to be a main CGD pathway, with electrical resistivity anomalies ranging from 7 to 14 Ω m. Five monitoring wells were placed in this catchment to delineate the occurrence of CGD. Long-term vertical EC profiling results for the monitoring wells indicated that CGD occurs within a depth of 30 m below the ground surface. Annual monitoring data for groundwater level and EC demonstrated that the water quality of CGD was improved by introducing fresh terrestrial groundwater. A remarkable improvement in water quality (EC decrease of 900–1,600 μS cm^?1) of CGD was observed during the saline water pumping test that explains how CGD could be an alternative water resource for the reclaimed land.     

Controlling factors of the δ 11B-pH proxy and its research direction

Significant boron isotope fractionation occurs in nature (?70 ‰ to +75 ‰) due to the high geochemical reactivity of boron and the large relative mass difference between ¹⁰B and ¹¹B. Since the 1990s, reconstruction of ancient seawater pH using the isotopic composition of boron in bio-carbonates (δ ¹¹B_carb), and then calculation of the past pCO₂ have become important issues for the international isotope geochemistry community, and are called the δ ¹¹B-pH proxy. Although many achievements have been made by this proxy, various aspects of boron systematics require rigorous evaluation. Based on the previous researches, mechanism of boron isotope fractionation, variation of boron isotope (δ ¹¹B) in nature (especially in bio-carbonates) and controlling factors of the δ ¹¹B-pH proxy, such as the dissociation constant of B(OH)₃ in seawater (pK_a), the δ ¹¹B of seawater (δ ¹¹B_SW), the boron isotopic fractionation factor between B(OH) ₄ ^? and B(OH)₃ (α _4–3), and the incorporated species of boron into bio-carbonates, are reviewed in detail and the research directions of this proxy are proposed. Generally, the controversy about pK_a, δ ¹¹B_sw, and α _4–3 is relatively less, but whether boron incorporated into bio-carbonates only in the form of B(OH) ₄ ^? remains doubtful. In the future, it is required that the physicochemical processes that control boron incorporation into carbonates be rigorously characterized and that the related chemical and isotopic fractionation be quantified. It is also necessary and important to establish a “best-fit empirically equation” between δ ¹¹B_carb and pH of seawater based on the precipitation experiments of inorganic or culture experiments of corals or foraminifera. In addition, extended application of the δ ¹¹B-pH proxy to the earlier part of the Phanerozoic relying on the Brachiopods is worthy of studying. Like other geochemical indicators, there are limiting factors of δ ¹¹B; however, it remains a very powerful tool in the reconstruction of past seawater pH at present.