北京交通环境污染诊断模拟初步研究

建立了能够用于评估大型城市交通环境污染与气象条件关系的数值模拟技术,即三维边界层光化学数值模式.其中,高分辨率的精细城市边界层气象场、细致的城市地理与环境参数、空气污染物输送扩散与大气化学模拟以及交通废气污染源的分布等诸多因子是实施模拟研究的几个重要环节.从模拟结果看出,各污染物在地面附近浓度相对高值区位于排放源附近和下风方.在边界层顶附近,污染物浓度分布较均匀,分布趋势和气流一致.虽然仅仅考虑了城区污染物本底浓度和主要交通干道机动车的排放,但交通排放对城区污染物浓度的贡献是较大的.     

我国西南地区震旦系陡山沱组微体遗迹化石的发现

目前世界上发现的最古老并得到普遍承认的动物化石是澳大利亚南部的伊迪卡拉动物群^[15,16]。伊迪卡拉山的晚先寒武纪砂岩中发现有大型的相当进化的水母和蠕虫化石,其中含有直径数十公分的狄更逊虫(Dickinsonin costata)、体长3公分的枝沙蚕(Spriggina floundersi)以及遗迹化石等。其所在地层为寒武纪灰岩之下160米的庞德砂岩^[1]。     

高岭石-多水高岭石演化系列的热谱特征

高岭石-多水高岭石演化系列共包括四种矿物:结晶良好的高岭石、结晶差的或b轴无序的高岭石、7Å多水高岭石和10Å多水高岭石。我们将结晶良好的高岭石和10Å多水高岭石分别视为这一演化系列的两个端元矿物,其余两种矿物则是演化系列的中间矿物。该系列中的矿物同属于1:1型含水的层状铝硅酸盐矿物,因而它们的化学成分基本相同,主要差别是在晶体结构上由于单位结构层沿c轴彼此堆叠的方式而引起从有序向无序变化,同时层间键力的减弱引起水分子进入,促使层间水的含量逐渐增大。基于以上特征,这一系列中的四种类型矿物受热以后的热效应很灵敏,详细研究它们在加热脱水过程中的变化规律,可以加深对矿物特性的认识和鉴别。     

Arsenic contamination in agricultural soils surrounding mining sites in relation to geology and mineralization types

A national-scale survey of the environment in and around mines was conducted to evaluate the status of total As contamination in agricultural soils surrounding numerous abandoned metal mines in Korea. This survey aimed to compare As concentrations in soils in relation to geology and mineralization types of mines. A total of 16,386 surface soil (0–15 cm in depth) samples were taken from agricultural lands near 343 abandoned mines (within 2 km of each mine). These samples were decomposed by aqua regia and analyzed for As by AAS with a hydride-generation (HG) device. To compare As levels in soils meaningfully with geology and mineralization types, three sub-classification criteria were adapted: (1) five mineralization types, (2) four valuable ore mineral types, and (3) four parent rock types. The average concentration of As in all the soils was 11.6 mg kg⁻¹ with a range of 0.01–4230 mg kg⁻¹. Based on the mineralization types, average As concentrations (mg kg⁻¹) in the soils decreased in the order of pegmatite (18.2) > hydrothermal replacement (14.5) > sedimentary deposits (12.4) > hydrothermal vein (10.7) > skarn (4.08). In terms of the valuable ore mineral types, the concentrations decreased in the order of Sn, W, Mo, Fe and Mn mines > Au, Ag, and base metal mines > Au and Ag mines ≈ base metal mines. For parent rock types, soils from metamorphic rocks and heterogeneous rocks exhibited enhanced As levels related to both igneous and sedimentary rocks. Therefore, it can be concluded that soils from highly altered rocks subject to metamorphic and igneous activities contained relatively high concentrations of As in the surface environment.     

Experimental investigation of main controls to methane adsorption in clay-rich rocks

In this study a series of CH₄ adsorption experiments on clay-rich rocks were conducted at 35 °C, 50 °C and 65 °C and at CH₄ pressure up to 15 MPa under dry conditions. The clay-dominated rock samples used are fresh samples from quarries and mines. Samples are individually dominated by montmorillonite, kaolinite, illite, chlorite, and interstratified illite/smectite. The experimental results show that clay mineral type greatly affects CH₄ sorption capacity under the experimental conditions. In terms of relative CH₄ sorption capacity: montmorillonite ? illite/smectite mixed layer > kaolinite > chlorite > illite. Physisorption is the dominant process for CH₄ absorption on clay minerals, as a result, there is a linear correlation between CH₄ sorption capacity and BET surface area in these clay-mineral dominated rocks. The abundance of micro-mesopores in the size range of a few to a few 10 s of nanometers in montmorillonite clay and illite–smectite interstratified clay results in large BET surface area values for these mineral species.     

黄陵一号井快速堵水工程中的综合物探技术

使用地面高分辨电测深法与稳态瑞利波法为主,浅层地震和流量监测为辅的快速综合物探技术,对黄陵一号井小煤窑突水通道进行多方法、多参数、多方位聚焦快速综合探测,克服了单项物探多解性的缺点,大大提高了探测准确度。按照该物探结果进行地面注浆,堵水率达到95%以上,取得了良好的经济效益和社会效益。      

Genetic Modeling of GIS-Based Cell Clusters and Its Application in Mineral Resources Prediction

This paper presents a synthetic analysis method for multi-sourced geological data from geo-graphic information system (GIS). In the previous practices of mineral resources prediction, a usually adopted methodology has been statistical analysis of cells delimitated based on thoughts of random sam-pling. That might lead to insufficient utilization of local spatial information, for a cell is treated as a point without internal structure. We now take “cell dusters“, L e. , spatial associations of cells, as basic units of statistics, thus the spatial configuration information of geological variables is easier to be detected and utilized, and the accuracy and reliability of prediction are improved. We build a linear multi-discriminating model for the dusters via genetic algorithm. Both the right-judgment rates and the in-class vs. betweewclass distance ratios are considered to form the evolutional adaptive values of the population. An application of the method in gold mineral resoerces prediction in east Xinjiang, China is presented.     

云南鹤庆钻孔揭示的西南季风轨道尺度演化

文章在运用自动轨道调谐方法确定鹤庆钻孔时间标尺的基础上, 首先分阶段探讨鹤庆钻孔碳酸盐指标的 演化特点, 然后采用频谱分析和滤波分析方法, 通过对鹤庆钻孔碳酸盐沉积记录的分析, 探索西南季风轨道尺度的 演化规律。综合分析结果显示: 天文因素是影响西南季风演化的重要因素, 但并非惟一因素, 西南季风的演化中存在着中更新世转型和1. 55MaB. P. 附近的转型, 后者推测与青藏高原隆升及全球冰体积变化有关; 在西南季风演化的不同阶段出现100ka, 73ka, 66ka, 54ka, 41ka, 30ka, 23ka, 19ka,15ka 和10. 7ka 等周期。     

微细浸染状金矿化与脉状金-锑矿化关系:西秦岭阳山金矿带例析

阳山是西秦岭金矿带已探明金储量最大的独立金矿,金矿化主要呈微细浸染状分布于千枚岩和花岗质岩脉中,锑矿化主要分布于花岗质岩脉与千枚岩接触带的石英±方解石脉中,是研究微细浸染状金矿化与脉状金-锑矿化的时间、空间和成因关系的理想选区。成矿主阶段微细浸染状黄铁矿-毒砂矿化已有大量研究,而晚阶段脉状金-锑矿化特征及其与主阶段微细浸染状金矿化关系尚待查明。论文系统研究了成矿晚阶段流体包裹体组合特征、辉锑矿及石英的矿物学、稀土和微量元素特征,并与成矿主阶段进行对比,以期理清阳山金矿带金矿化与锑矿化的关系。流体包裹体组合显微测温结果显示,成矿晚阶段流体均一温度为271.3～288.3℃,具有中低温、低盐度、富Cl和CO_2、还原性的变质流体来源的特征,与成矿主阶段一致。辉锑矿呈轻稀土富集、重稀土亏损的"右倾式"稀土配分模式,并可见中-弱的Eu负异常和强的Ce负异常,与千枚岩和花岗质岩脉的稀土元素配分模式相似。辉锑矿富含Ag、Au、As等微量元素,与赋矿围岩中这些元素的高背景值有关。结合硫化物硫同位素数据,指示阳山金矿带成矿物质来源可能为赋矿的千枚岩和花岗质岩脉:在区域构造抬升引发的退变质过程中,千枚岩和花岗质岩脉发生变质脱挥发分作用,释放出金等成矿物质。金矿化与锑矿化贯穿整个成矿作用,随着成矿温度、压力的变化,以及成矿流体成分的演化,成矿早、主阶段以微细浸染状含金硫化物为主,发育位置较深,成矿晚阶段以自然金-辉锑矿脉为主,发育位置较浅,在矿带尺度上符合造山型金矿地壳连续成矿模式的垂向分布规律。本文查明了阳山金矿带微细浸染状金矿化与脉状金-锑矿化的关系,明确其为造山型金矿浅成金-锑矿化,并在此基础上提出了找矿方向,为西秦岭及其他地区类似金矿床的理论研究与找矿勘探提供了有益参考。