基于无人机摄影测量的地形变化检测方法与小流域输沙模型研究

流域输沙过程是地貌学和地表动力学的重要研究内容,但传统的输沙过程监测方法仅能得到某个区域的总输沙率,无法推算其空间分布。论文以黄土高原绥德县窑家湾小流域为例,利用无人机摄影测量技术得到其2006年和2019年2期数字高程模型(DEM)并计算地形变化量;然后,根据质量守恒原理和多流向算法建立泥沙在空间上的输送模型,进而计算小流域输沙率的空间分布。实验结果表明,该模型能有效模拟泥沙在空间上的输送情况,输沙率出现质量不守恒的区域面积占比小于4%,且不守恒区域多为人类活动影响区。同时,论文讨论了DEM的选择和不同地形变化检测水平对模型结果的影响。当使用第一期DEM进行泥沙搬运路径推算时,质量不守恒区域的面积显著降低。使用误差空间分布图进行地形变化检测得到的输沙率结果鲁棒性更强。使用中误差进行地形检测得到的结果在不同置信度下变化较大。基于无人机地形变化检测的空间输沙模型能方便、快捷地提供详尽的输沙率空间分布,为地表过程研究带来了新的机遇。     

黄河流域降雨侵蚀力对全球变化的响应

分析土壤侵蚀力对全球变化的响应,有助于国家和区域未来水土保持宏观战略的决策.本文利用Had-CM3模型,在A2和B2情景下系统研究了未来不同时期（2020年、2050年和2080年）黄河流域降雨侵蚀力的潜在变化.结果表明在全球气候变化条件下,黄河流域的降雨侵蚀力有显著的增加;增加的幅度随着GCM情景和研究时期的不同而不同,从南向北逐渐增大;A2情景下,黄河流域的降雨侵蚀力分别增加11.5%（2020年）、24.8%（2050年）和40.6%（2080年）,B2情景下的相应变化分别为20.9%、12.5%和20.8%;加强中、长期土地利用规划、植被建设和水土保持是应对全球变化的基本方略.     

Shallow Genetic Structure of Pholis fangi in Bohai Sea and Yellow Sea Inferred from mt DNA Control Region

Pholis fangi is an ecologically important fish species inhabiting Chinese coastal waters of Yellow Sea and Bohai Sea. To investigate the genetic diversity and population genetic structure of P. fangi, a fragment of 487 bp in the first hypervariable region(HVR-1) of the mitochondrial DNA(mt DNA) control region was sequenced for 181 individuals collected from Bohai Sea and Yellow Sea. A total of 18 polymorphic sites were detected, which defined 25 haplotypes. A moderate level of haplotype diversity(h = 0.7052) and a low level of nucleotide diversity(π = 0.0028) were detected. Both the phylogenetic tree and the haplotype network showed no significant genealogical structure difference among sampling locations. Pairwise FST comparison and hierarchical molecular variance analysis(AMOVA) revealed that no significant genetic structure difference existed throughout the investigated regions, suggesting a high gene exchange among different populations. The results of neutrality test and mismatch distribution analysis indicated that a late Pleistocene population expansion(38000–127000 years ago) happened. Seasonal schooling migration may contribute to the genetically homogeneous population structure of the species.     

山东省地质钻孔数据库成果统计分析与应用性研究

重要地质钻孔数据库建设是"十二五"时期一项重要任务。山东省历时3年建立了重要地质钻孔基本信息数据库,将山东省内不同时代、不同单位、不同专业的各类地质钻孔资料进行统一的规范化、数字化、信息化管理。该数据库包含49107个地质钻孔的基本信息,通过"三图一表"的形式表达,其中工程布置图5510张,勘探线剖面图20686张,钻孔柱状图75711张,样品分析结果表116323张。部分钻孔数据在全国重要地质钻孔数据库服务平台面向公众开放。该文在已经取得的钻孔数据库成果的基础上,按照行业部门、工作程度、矿种、钻孔类型和钻孔深度5个方面进行了统计分析,以及在数据库的资料汇交、信息化建设、资源共享和城市地质工作方面的应用性进行了浅析。以期通过扩大汇交范围、采用新的技术手段、补充属性数据等方法,实现数据库二次开发利用,提高山东省地质资料数字化、信息化水平和服务功能,也为城市地质调查提供基础数据支撑。     

基于GIS的黑龙江省市域交通可达性分析

针对城市公路交通网络建设问题,本文以黑龙江省为研究区,地级市为研究单元,采用加权平均旅行时间作为指标进行空间插值,对黑龙江省市域交通可达性进行分析。结果表明:黑龙江省的交通可达性以哈尔滨市、大庆市、绥化市为中心呈同心圆状向外逐渐降低,其中,哈尔滨市与大庆市的加权平均旅行时间下降幅度较大,大兴安岭地区的加权平均旅行时间最大。不同市域的经济发展与人口总数也影响着市域的交通可达性,在注重经济发展的同时,也应注意交通网络的合理拓建。     

贵州省镇远县土地信息系统

本文从贵州省镇远县农业区划部门在农业用地规划中所存在的问题着手,探讨了如何建立土地信息系统,对图形、图象、文字资料进行计算机管理以辅助土地规划,为今后我国南方岩溶山区的综合治理提供了科学依据。      

Predicting spatio-temporal concentrations of PM<Subscript>2.5</Subscript> using land use and meteorological data in Yangtze River Delta,China

The prediction of PM_2.5 concentrations with high spatiotemporal resolution has been suggested as a potential method for data collection to assess the health effects of exposure. This work predicted the weekly average PM_2.5 concentrations in the Yangtze River Delta, China, by using a spatio-temporal model. Integrating land use data, including the areas of cultivated land, construction land, and forest land, and meteorological data, including precipitation, air pressure, relative humidity, temperature, and wind speed, we used the model to estimate the weekly average PM_2.5 concentrations. We validated the estimated effects by using the cross-validated R² and Root mean square error (RMSE); the results showed that the model performed well in capturing the spatiotemporal variability of PM_2.5 concentration, with a reasonably large R² of 0.86 and a small RMSE of 8.15 (μg/m³). In addition, the predicted values covered 94% of the observed data at the 95% confidence interval. This work provided a dataset of PM_2.5 concentration predictions with a spatiotemporal resolution of 3 km × week, which would contribute to accurately assessing the potential health effects of air pollution.     

Impacts of headcut height on flow energy,sediment yield and surface landform during bank gully erosion processes in the Yuanmou Dry‐hot Valley region,southwest China

To quantify the changes in flow energy, sediment yield and surface landform impacted by headcut height during bank gully erosion, five experimental platforms were constructed with different headcut heights ranging from 25 to 125 cm within an in situ active bank gully head. A series of scouring experiments were conducted under concentrated flow and the changes in flow energy, sediment yield and surface landform were observed. The results showed that great energy consumption occurred at gully head compared to the upstream area and gully bed. The flow energy consumption at gully heads and their contribution rates increased significantly with headcut height. Gully headcuts also contributed more sediment yield than the upstream area. The mean sediment concentrations at the outlet of plots were 2.3 to 7.3 times greater than those at the end of upstream area. Soil loss volume at gully heads and their contribution rates also increased with headcut height significantly. Furthermore, as headcut height increased, the retreat distance of gully heads increased, which was 1.7 to 8.9 times and 1.1 to 3.2 times greater than the incision depth of upstream area and gully beds. Positive correlations were found between energy consumption and soil loss, indicating that energy consumption could be used to estimate soil loss of headcut erosion. Headcut height had a significant impact on flow energy consumption, and thus influenced the changes in sediment yield and landform during the process of gully headcut erosion. Headcut height was one of the important factors for gully erosion control in this region. Further studies are needed to identify the role of headcut height under a wide condition. Copyright © 2018 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

中国测震台网统一地震编目

本文从总体构成、技术系统、产出流程、质量控制等方面介绍了我国测震台网现行的统一地震编目工作体系,对统一地震编目产出情况进行了简要统计分析,并与“九五”期间的地震编目产出进行了对比;最后对存在的问题进行了讨论和展望。     

Refined chronology of prehistoric cultures and its implication for re-evaluating human-environment relations in the Hexi Corridor,northwest China

The reconstruction of high-resolution chronologies for prehistoric cultures is a prerequisite for understanding the history of human evolution and its relationship with environmental change, and is valuable for exploring the trajectory of transcontinental cultural exchanges in prehistoric time. The Hexi Corridor of northwest China was one of the earliest centers for long-distance culture exchange in the prehistoric world. The timing and sequence of cultural changes in this area remains poorly understood resulting from the lack of radiometric age control. This paper presents a refined radiocarbon(14 C) chronology to resolve the timing of human occupation and cultural evolution in the Hexi Corridor. Radiocarbon dating of crop remains, which have an annual life cycle, has the advantage of eliminating problems such as the carbon stored in ‘old wood'. As a result,~(14)C dates from crop remains are used to test the validity of the~(14)C dates derived from charcoal, bone and plant remains. The resultant database of ages is modelled using the Bayesian approach. The updated chronology presented in this paper shows generally good agreement with the original dates used to constrain cultural evolution in the Hexi Corridor. However, the occupation of the corridor by the Shajing and Shanma Late Bronze Age-Early Iron Age cultures appears to have taken place ～300 years later than previously thought. On the basis of comparing this updated chronology of cultural evolution with palaeoclimatic and historical records, it is proposed that the collapse of the Shajing and Shanma cultures occurred as a result of geopolitical impact rather than climate change.