Bedload transport resistance in rough open‐channel flows

During bedload movement by saltation, streamwise momentum is transferred from the ?ow to the saltating grains. When the grains collide with other grains on the bed or in the ?ow, streamwise momentum is reduced, and there is a decrease in streamwise ?ow velocity and an increase in ?ow resistance, herein termed bedload transport resistance f_bt. Based on experiments in two ?umes with ?xed and mobile plane beds and previously published data, an equation is developed that may be used to predict f_bt for both capacity and non‐capacity ?ows. The variables in this equation are identi?ed by dimensional analysis and the coef?cients are determined by non‐linear regression. This equation applies to rough turbulent open‐channel ?ows, where the relative submergence is between 1 and 20 and the entire sediment load moves by saltation. An investigation of the relative magnitudes of f_bt and grain resistance f_c suggests that where dimensionless shear stress θ is less than 1 and saltation is the dominant mode of bedload transport, f_bt/f_c increases with θ but never exceeds 1. Copyright © 2004 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

Simulation of rainfall-runoff and watershed convergence process in the upper reaches of Heihe River Basin,July 2002

The watershed flow concentration scheme in the distributed hydrology-soil- vegetation model (DHSVM) is coupled with the mesoscale atmospheric model MM5 version 3.5, in which the Oregen States University land surface model (OSULSM) was involved. The flood event which happened in July 2002 in the upper reaches of Heihe river basin is simulated and the surface flow convergence process is shown with this coupled model. It has been concluded that times water head reaches each place of the basin are different. Water amount at each point is split-flow proportionally as the drops in elevation between it and neighbor points. Large part of the water amount pass away in greater slope direction and small part pass away in smaller slope one. Adding of the slope convergence makes the atmospheric model redistributes the surface water laterally.

     

弹性波CT技术在大足石刻岩体破碎带探测中的应用

大足石刻是中国现存的重要石质文物之一,具有重要的历史和文化价值,其中有的石刻造像曾被列为国家石质文物保护“一号工程”;最近,文物保护部门又启动了对危岩体的加固和防渗工程。为确定大足石刻宝顶山大佛湾岩体中破碎带发育情况,应用跨孔弹性波CT技术对指定位置的工程岩体进行了探测。CT探测得到的岩体弹性波速成像清楚地揭示了两个钻孔之间岩体中破碎带的规模和产状,与岩体所在的区域地质构造应力场作用协调一致,证明了探测成像结果的可靠性,为大佛湾岩体的渗流和稳定性评估提供了依据。     

城市地震影响特征研究

首先根据历史地震目录,计算了我国34个省会城市所受到的历史地震影响. 这些城市的地震影响烈度分布特征表明,约53%的省会城市没有遭受过Ⅵ度以上的历史地震影响,遭受过Ⅶ~Ⅸ度影响的城市有44%;大部分城市Ⅵ度地震影响的发生频次均高于Ⅵ度以上地震影响;不同城市最大发生频次的地震影响烈度也不同. 为此,在确定城市地震防御烈度时,需综合考虑最大影响烈度和最频影响烈度. 本文还考虑到历史地震记录的不完备性,以福建省69个县级以上城市为研究对象,采用模拟地震目录的方法来研究城市地震影响的特征. 结果表明,不同超越概率水平下城市地震影响烈度在不同城市之间表现出较大变化,以50年超越概率2%作为城市特征地震影响烈度,可以作为城市地震防御烈度确定的依据,并据此对城市未来地震影响进行合理的描述.     

Study on the correlativity of earthquakes impact on cities

Introduction With rapid development and advancement of economy and society, lots of city groups or city belts with ex-tra-large cities as their centers have been formed in China. The regions these city groups lie in usually have well-developed economy, dense population, and are regional politics and culture centers. Some groups lie in the regions with high level of earthquake activity, such as the Surrounding Capital City Group with the centers of Bei-jing and Tianjin. Once a large earthqua…     

Numerical study on transient harbor oscillations induced by successive solitary waves

Tsunamis are traveling waves which are characterized by long wavelengths and large amplitudes close to the shore. Due to the transformation of tsunamis, undular bores have been frequently observed in the coastal zone and can be viewed as a sequence of solitary waves with different wave heights and different separation distances among them. In this article, transient harbor oscillations induced by incident successive solitary waves are first investigated. The transient oscillations are simulated by a fully nonlinear Boussinesq model, FUNWAVE-TVD. The incident successive solitary waves include double solitary waves and triple solitary waves. This paper mainly focuses on the effects of different waveform parameters of the incident successive solitary waves on the relative wave energy distribution inside the harbor. These wave parameters include the incident wave height, the relative separation distance between adjacent crests, and the number of elementary solitary waves in the incident wave train. The relative separation distance between adjacent crests is defined as the ratio of the distance between adjacent crests in the incident wave train to the effective wavelength of the single solitary wave. Maximum oscillations inside the harbor excited by various incident waves are also discussed. For comparison, the transient oscillation excited by the single solitary wave is also considered. The harbor used in this paper is assumed to be long and narrow and has constant depth; the free surface movement inside the harbor is essentially one-dimensional. This study reveals that, for the given harbor and for the variation ranges of all the waveform parameters of the incident successive solitary waves studied in this paper, the larger incident wave heights and the smaller number of elementary solitary waves in the incident tsunami lead to a more uniform relative wave energy distribution inside the harbor. For the successive solitary waves, the larger relative separation distance between adjacent crests can cause more obvious fluctuations of the relative wave energy distribution over different resonant modes. When the wave height of the elementary solitary wave in the successive solitary waves equals to that of the single solitary wave and the relative separation distance between adjacent crests is equal to or greater than 0.6, the maximum oscillation inside the harbor induced by the successive solitary waves is almost identical to that excited by the single solitary wave.     

黑方台台塬斜坡变形破坏的结构面效应研究

结构面对于黑方台台塬斜坡变形破坏的影响研究成果较多,但以单方面研究为主,较少进行系统研究,因此通过对黑方台台塬结构面类型及其组合特征以及斜坡变形破坏类型和特征的分析可知:研究区结构面类型主要包括节理裂隙、层面、接触面、断层和临空面,结构面组合类型分2大类8小类,各类型具有自身的结构特征和分布特征;结构面及其组合对黑方台台塬斜坡变形破坏类型选择和空间分布选择控制效应明显,特别是对滑坡类型选择和空间分布的影响。     

Changes in run‐off and sediment load in the three parts of the Yellow River basin,in response to climate change and human activities

Hydrological regimes in the Yellow River have changed significantly because of climate change and intensive human interventions. These changes present severe challenges to water resource utilization and ecological development. Variation of run‐off, suspended sediment load (SSL), and eight precipitation indices (P1: 0–12 mm·day^?1, P12: 12–25 mm·day^?1, P25: 25–50 mm·day^?1, P50: P ≥ 50 mm·day^?1 and corresponding rainfall day: Pd1, Pd12, Pd25, Pd50 day year^?1) in three critical parts of the Yellow River basin (source region: SRYRB, upper reaches: URYRB, middle reaches: MRYRB) were investigated for the period from 1960 to 2015. The results show that run‐off and SSL significantly decreased (P < 0.01) in the URYRB and the MRYRB, whereas their decline in the SRYRB was insignificant (P > 0.05). Moreover, run‐off in the URYRB had one change point in 1987, and SSL in the URYRB as well as run‐off and SSL in the MRYRB had two change points (in the 1970s and the 1990s). Over the same period, only Pd1 and Pd12 in the SRYRB showed significant increasing trends, and an abrupt change appeared in 1981. The optimal precipitation indices for assessing the effects of precipitation on run‐off and SSL in the URYRB and MRYRB were Pd50 and P12, respectively. A double‐mass curve analysis showed that precipitation and human activities contributed to approximately 20% and 80% of the reduction in run‐off, respectively, for both the SRYRB and the MRYRB. However, the contribution rate of precipitation and human activities on SSL reduction was approximately 40% and 60% in the URYRB and 5% and 95% in the MRYRB, respectively. Human activities, primarily soil and water conservation measures and water extraction (diversion), were the main factors (>50%) that reduced the run‐off. However, the dominant driving factors for SSL reduction were soil and water conservation measures and reservoir interception, for which the contribution rate was higher than 70% in the MRYRB. This work strengthens the understanding of hydrological responses to precipitation change and provides a useful reference for regional water resource utilization.     

应急管理部多层级视频会议系统跨网段转发技术

介绍应急管理部视频会议系统接入地震系统的基本情况,结合地震应急视频会议系统应用现状,分析多层级跨网视频会议系统的架构特点,着重分析跨网段"背靠背"转发优化技术方案在视频会议系统融合中的实现与应用,以期为类似的应用场景提供参考。