精密单点定位中卫星星历对天顶对流层延迟估计的影响

为了分析不同卫星星历对天顶对流层延迟估计的影响,本文选取不同的卫星星历产品分别进行静态精密单点定位试验,估计天顶对流层延迟,并与IGS发布的天顶对流层延迟产品相比。结果表明,采用最终星历、快速星历和超快星历实测部分时,天顶对流层延迟的平均RMS值分别为4.5mm、4.3mm和4.6mm,估计精度一致。而采用超快星历外推部分时,平均RMS值为6.3mm,估计精度略低。     

Entropy error model of planar geometry features in GIS

Positional error of line segments is usually described by using “g-band”, however, its band width is in relation to the confidence level choice. In fact, given different confidence levels, a series of concentric bands can be obtained. To overcome the effect of confidence level on the error indicator, by introducing the union entropy theory, we propose an entropy error ellipse index of point, then extend it to line segment and polygon, and establish an entropy error band of line segment and an entropy error donut of polygon. The research shows that the entropy error index can be determined uniquely and is not influenced by confidence level, and that they are suitable for positional uncertainty of planar geometry features.     

Bayesian prestack seismic inversion with a self-adaptive Huber-Markov random-field edge protection scheme

Seismic inversion is a highly ill-posed problem, due to many factors such as the limited seismic frequency bandwidth and inappropriate forward modeling. To obtain a unique solution, some smoothing constraints, e.g., the Tikhonov regularization are usually applied. The Tikhonov method can maintain a global smooth solution, but cause a fuzzy structure edge. In this paper we use Huber-Markov random-field edge protection method in the procedure of inverting three parameters, P-velocity, S-velocity and density. The method can avoid blurring the structure edge and resist noise. For the parameter to be inverted, the Huber- Markov random-field constructs a neighborhood system, which further acts as the vertical and lateral constraints. We use a quadratic Huber edge penalty function within the layer to suppress noise and a linear one on the edges to avoid a fuzzy result. The effectiveness of our method is proved by inverting the synthetic data without and with noises. The relationship between the adopted constraints and the inversion results is analyzed as well.     

Chemical composition of sediments from the subducting Cocos Ridge segment at the Southern Central American subduction zone

Subducted sediments play an important role in the magmatism at subduction zones and the formation of mantle heterogeneity, making them an important tracer for shallow crustal processes and deep mantle processes.Therefore, ascertaining the chemical compositions of different subduction end-members is a prerequisite for using subducted sediments to trace key geological processes. We reports here the comprehensive major and trace element analyses of 52 samples from two holes（U1414 A and U1381 C） dri...     

Using social media data to understand and assess disasters

This paper contributes to the understanding of disasters from the perspective of social media activities. We develop a measure based on Twitter activities that can be used to quantify the evolution of disasters and thus demonstrate temporal–spatial patterns of Twitter activities particularly near the coastline and in large urban areas during Hurricane Sandy. We also show a close relationship between hurricane damages and Twitter activities. Our findings suggest the potential of using social media activities for rapid damage assessment.     

Experimental study of the effect of roughness and Reynolds number on fluid flow in rough‐walled single fractures: a check of local cubic law

Local cubic law (LCL) is one of the most commonly applied physical laws for flow in single fractures (SF) and fractured media. The foundation of LCL is Darcian flow. This experimental study examines if LCL is valid for flow in a single rough fracture and how the fracture roughness and Reynolds number (Re) affect flow. Similar to the Moody diagram for flow in pipes, a diagram for flow in a single rough fracture has been generated to relate the friction coefficient with Re and the roughness. Under the experimental condition of this study, flow appears to be substantially different from Darcian flow. The flow law of q ∝ eⁿJ^m appears to be valid for describing the flow scheme where q, e, and J are the unit width flux, the average aperture, and the hydraulic gradient. The value of the power index m is found to be around 0·83 ～ 0·98, less than what has been used in Darcian flow (m = 1). The power index n is around 11·2 and 13·0, much greater than the n value used in the LCL (n = 3), and it increases with the average velocity. The Moody type of diagram shows that the friction factor for flow in SFs is influenced by Re and the roughness. It decreases with Re when Re is small, and becomes less sensitive to Re when Re is large enough. It also increases with the roughness. Copyright © 2010 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

汶川MS8.0地震前四川地区前兆异常及其统计分析

研究了2008年5月12日汶川MS8.0地震前四川地区观测到的各种异常．异常项与所有测项(或测站、台、场地、井点、泉点)之比称为异常测项（测点）比,以下类同. 地震前四川地区流动短水准观测存在中长期趋势异常的场地比为0.28,异常测项比为0.20;流动短基线存在中期趋势异常的场地比为0.13,异常测项比为0.13;地倾斜类观测存在中期趋势异常的台站比0.17,异常测项比为0.13;地下水位观测存在中期趋势异常的水位井点比为0.20;温泉观测存在水温短期异常的泉点比为0.15;温泉水氡、气氡观测存在短期异常的台点比为0.08,异常测项比为0.04;井泉水质组分观测存在短期异常的台点比为0.20,异常测项比为0.04;视电阻率观测存在中期异常的台站比为0.17, 异常测项比为0.06．对同一观测台或场地有不同观测手段,分别计算了台或场地数:四川地区在汶川8.0级地震前各类观测台或场地共有172个,存在观测异常台或场地比为0.14,其中出现中期与短期异常场地比分别是0.08和0.03;各类观测项共有335项,异常测项比为0.09,其中出现中期与短期异常测项的占比分别是0.06和0.01．可见,震前仪器微观监测台或测项多数没有观测到突出异常现象．本文中其它没有提及的观测手段或观测项的资料,经过研究没有分析检测出异常项．      

卫星导风在台风路径预报中的应用进展

台风作为全球危害巨大的自然灾害,对其路径预报的准确度尤为重要.在常规观测资料稀少的热带洋面上,卫星云图是监测热带气旋的主要工具,其中卫星导风技术,通过对云及晴空区特征的追踪,反演出的卫星风矢,在一定程度上弥补了海洋上由于风场观测资料稀缺对台风路径研究的限制,显著提高了台风路径预报水平.结合近年来逐步成熟的卫星导风中的云导风技术在台风预报上的应用,总结了国内云导风技术在改善台风路径预报中的贡献,如加密观测资料、台风中心定位、优化数值模式初始场和客观分析场、构造人造台风Bogus模型以及由其揭示的发展和不发展热带气旋的对流层上部环流特征,同时展望了卫星导风技术及其资料在台风预报实际应用中有待进一步研究的内容.