城市建筑物震害三维模拟在GIS中的应用

GIS technology has been applied to building damage analysis around the world. However, most previous studies focused on the application of 2-D GIS technology, and the results from traditional earthquake damage prediction are displayed in 2-D figures and charts, which is incapable of demonstrating the 3-D spatial characteristics of buildings. Taking brick-concrete building as an example, we study the characteristics of building damage, and effectively combine the information of building textures and earthquake damage. Then, we apply Google SketchUp techniques to create building models and display them with seismic damage texture in the ArcGIS Engine software development environment. In this paper we propose a solid idea for 3-D simulation of earthquake damage, which is helpful in earthquake damage prediction, virtual emergency rescue practice and earthquake knowledge education.     

水平引潮力极值天体时角表征与调制的讨论

讨论了引潮力与中、强地震发生的可能关系。进行了水平引潮力极值条件分析,研究了满足水平引潮力极值条件下的天体时角表征的地震活动可能存在的应力调制。其技术途径是在一定的时窗内,通过地震目录资料的天体时角计算,求出满足水平引潮力极值条件时所出现的调制地震活动场的时空特征,继而研究这些时空特征与未来中强地震三要素的关联,以期获取地震预测信息。     

武广高速铁路对耒阳市产业转型的影响

基于资源枯竭型城市耒阳市产业转型面临的主要问题,以高速铁路这一新型交通因素为切入点,分析武广高铁对耒阳市产业转型的影响机制;以Hr-PCDL模型为基础探讨耒阳市产业转型应该优先选择的接续产业。结果表明：高速铁路的通达性、便捷性、高效性改变了耒阳市的产业发展环境;集聚效应、同城效应、开放效应强化了耒阳市产业转型的动力;产业整体布局、战略定位与区际联系的优化明晰了耒阳市产业转型的路径;旅游业、现代物流业、现代农业以及轻工产业是耒阳市应该优先选择的接续产业;应通过关联互补与错位互补强化与周边地区的分工合作,避免在产业转型中陷入新一轮的产业重构与恶性竞争。     

肇庆七星岩风景名胜区开发演变及其规划整治

肇庆七星岩景区作为国内著名的风景名胜区,正面临着生态景观危机.研究显示:七星岩景区的开发演变历经了从1955年前的天然公园,到1956-1978年的农林水利风景区,到1979年后的国家风景名胜区,到近年向城市公园演变的趋势;周边开发程度的不断加强,导致目前风景区存在土地、水面被侵占,水质下降和景观视线遭到破坏等诸多问题.文中提出了景区生长的规划整治策略,即根据肇庆山水城市环境特点,利用古河道, 结合新城市建设,让七星岩景区向东、西向延伸和生长,从而改善景区的环境和景观质量,并提升未来整个肇庆城区的生态     

CIECIA: A new climate change integrated assessment model and its assessments of global carbon abatement schemes

From the perspective of global economic general equilibrium, this study developed a new climate change IAM named CIECIA. The economic core of this IAM is a multi-country-sector general equilibrium model. The endogenous technology progress mode is introduced into CIECIA. Based on this model, three assessment principles of the global cooperating abatement scheme are proposed, including effectiveness, feasibility, and fairness. This study simulated and analyzed six types of primary global cooperating abatement schemes. The simulated results indicate that all of the selected schemes can satisfy the climate mitigation targets by 2100. Thus, they are all effective schemes. However, the schemes have quite different feasibilities and fairness. The Stern Scheme benefits the developed countries, but is unfair to the developing countries. The Nordhaus Scheme promotes the developments of the developing countries. However, it leads to negative impacts on the interests of the developed countries. The principle of convergence on accumulated carbon emissions per capita and the principle of convergence on carbon emissions per capita benefit the economic developments of the middle and low developing countries most. However, these two types of schemes cause tremendous losses to the main economic entities in the world including China. The Pareto Improvement Scheme, which was developed from the Global Economic Growth Scheme, balances the fairness and feasibility in the carbon abatement process and realizes the Pareto improvement of accumulated utilities in all the participating countries. Thus, the Pareto Improvement Scheme is the most reasonable global cooperating carbon abatement scheme.     

干旱沙区生物土壤结皮覆盖土壤CO2通量对脉冲式降雨的响应

水分是干旱区生态过程中主要限制因子,降水可通过改变土壤的干湿状况直接影响土壤的生态过程,继而引起土壤碳库的变化。生物土壤结皮作为干旱区主要的地表覆盖物,其自身不但可以进行呼吸作用,还能充分利用有限的水分通过光合作用固碳,改变土壤圈与大气圈之间的碳交换通量。通过模拟0、2、5、8、15 mm降雨,利用红外气体分析仪,对腾格里沙漠东南缘人工固沙植被区主要的生物土壤结皮覆盖土壤净CO₂通量进行了原位测定,探讨生物土壤结皮覆盖土壤CO₂释放和光合固定CO₂(吸收)共同作用下的土壤净CO₂通量对模降雨的响应特征。结果表明:(1)降雨会迅速激发生物土壤结皮覆盖土壤CO₂释放,降雨激发CO₂释放速率和有效时间取决于降雨量,降雨量越高,激发程度越低,激增的生物土壤结皮覆盖土壤CO₂释放(源)效应有效时间随降雨量的增加而延长;降雨激发的土壤碳释放总量随着降雨量的增加显著增加,且藓类结皮覆盖土壤碳释放总量显著高于藻类结皮(P<0.05)。(2)降雨引起生物土壤结皮覆盖土壤CO₂吸收速率在初期呈单峰变化,后逐渐回归到降雨前的水平,随降雨量的增加,CO₂吸收的效应的时间越长,峰值越高;降雨量越高,生物土壤结皮光合碳固定量越多,当降雨量增加到15 mm时,藻类结皮光合碳固定量显著低于8 mm时的碳固定量;降雨量<5 mm时,藓类结皮光合碳固定量显著低于藻类结皮(P<0.05),≥5 mm时,藓类结皮光合碳固定量显著高于藻类结皮(P<0.05)。(3)干旱荒漠地区生物土壤结皮覆盖土壤,在无降雨的干旱期表现为较低水平的净碳排放效应,不同程度降雨的初期阶段都有短暂的增加土壤碳的汇效应,且碳汇效应的时间随降雨量的增加而延长;适度的降雨会降低长期干旱藻类结皮覆盖土壤向大气的碳排放量,而过高或过低的降雨都会不同程度地增加藻类结皮覆盖土壤向大气的碳排放,降低土壤碳的储量。不论降雨量大小,降雨都会增加藓类结皮覆盖土壤更多碳向大气排放,但随着降雨量的增加,源效应逐渐减弱。降雨量≤8 mm时,藓类结皮覆盖土壤净碳排放总量显著高于藻类结皮(P<0.05),当降雨量>8 mm时,藓类结皮覆盖土壤净碳排放量显著低于藻类结皮覆盖土壤(P<0.05)。因此,干旱区在估算生物土壤结皮覆盖土壤与大气碳交换对降雨的响应规律时,应该充分考虑降雨量大小对生物土壤结皮碳固定量和土壤碳释放组分的效应,明确降雨事件大小对不同类型生物土壤结皮覆盖土壤与大气之间碳交换的作用。     

浙中丘陵盆地区1∶5万土地质量地球化学调查方法研究

摘要：以1∶5万土地质量地球化学调查成果服务于土地精准管理为目标,在浙中丘陵盆地选择金华市汤溪镇地块细碎的典型区域,开展了两种采样密度的对比研究：(1)按1∶5万土地质量地球化学调查的采样密度上限采样,平均采样密度164件/km2,采用克里金插值法进行图斑赋值(下文简称插值);(2)以土地精准管理为目标,以地块为单元采样,平均采样密度1795件/km2,用实测值对图斑赋值(下文简称实测)。以图斑为评价单元,对比上述两种方法间元素含量、土壤环境及养分指标分级、土壤质量综合分级的差异。研究表明：(1)与土壤质量评价密切相关的15项指标中,有9项指标插值与实测值元素含量的相对双差合格率达到90%,4项指标接近90%,仅2项指标合格率低于80%;(2)插值与实测值的土壤环境单指标分级与环境指标综合分级结果极为接近,养分指标分级差异略大;(3)实测值与插值土壤质量综合分级一级、二级图斑数所占比例相差118%,图斑面积相差74%,约40%的图斑土壤质量综合等级发生变化。研究区内环境指标变异性较小,插值与实测值的评价分级结果基本一致;养分指标N、P、K的空间变异较强,是导致插值与实测值土壤质量综合分级差异的主要原因。以上结果表明,浙中丘陵盆地区1∶5万土地质量地球化学调查成果对土地利用规划、科学平衡施肥等具有重要价值,但其成果精度尚难满足土地精准管理的需要。     

Influence of polymer binder on the physical properties and stability of engineering spoil on a slope

An experiment was performed to study the influence of polymer binders on the physical properties,and stability against a simulated rainfall,of a slope consisting of engineering spoil.Results showed that low polymer binder concentrations(≤500g/m3) could enhance the air permeability and moisture-retaining capacity of the engineering spoil;however,adding more polymer binder made the hardness of the engineering spoil increase and then decline.With the increase of polymer binder concentrations,the surface(0-5cm) permeability of the engineering spoil decreased but the permeability of the lower layers(5-10cm) increased.Polymer binders might reduce runoff and sediment,but the effect becomes weaker with the increase of rainfall.The results of this study have significance for engineering practices.Further experiments are needed to study the effects of binders under other conditions,such as natural rainfall,different slopes,different rock types,different degrees and spoil weathering and different added material,and the chemical interaction between soil and polymer binders.     

Seismic vulnerability assessment to slight damage based on experimental modal parameters

The aim of this paper is to adjust behaviour models for each class of structure for vulnerability assessment by using ambient vibration. A simple model based on frequencies, mode shapes and damping, taken from ambient vibrations, allows computation of the response of the structures and comparison of inter‐storey drifts with the limits found in the literature for the slight damage grade, considered here as the limit of elastic behaviour. Two complete methodologies for building fragility curves are proposed: (1) using a multi‐degree of freedom system including higher modes and full seismic ground‐motion and (2) using a single‐degree of freedom model considering the fundamental mode f₀ of the structure and ground‐motion displacement response spectra S_D(f₀). These two methods were applied to the city of Grenoble, where 60 buildings were studied. Fragility curves for slight damage were derived for the various masonry and reinforced concrete classes of buildings. A site‐specific earthquake scenario, taking into account local site conditions, was considered, corresponding to an M_L = 5.5 earthquake at a distance of 15 km. The results show the benefits of using experimental models to reduce variability of the slight damage fragility curve. Moreover, by introducing the experimental modal model of the buildings, it is possible to improve seismic risk assessment at an overall scale (the city) or a local scale (the building) for the first damage grade (slight damage). This level of damage, of great interest for moderate seismic‐prone regions, may contribute to the seismic loss assessment. Copyright © 2011 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.