Transverse Mercator with an accuracy of a few nanometers

Implementations of two algorithms for the transverse Mercator projection are described; these achieve accuracies close to machine precision. One is based on the exact equations of Thompson and Lee and the other uses an extension of Krüger’s series for the mapping to higher order. The exact method provides an accuracy of 9 nm over the entire ellipsoid, while the errors in the series method are less than 5 nm within 3900 km of the central meridian. In each case, the meridian convergence and scale are also computed with similar accuracy. The speed of the series method is competitive with other less accurate algorithms and the exact method is about five times slower.     

Self-calibration Applied in Converting Simulation Surveying

In the field of converting simulation surveying and traditional close range photogrammetry, it has been developed so far to survey objects by commercial digital camera and this technique is applied widely in every part of production. In order to get three-dimensional information of objects, commercial digital camera must be examined. For a long time, digital camera has been examined by DLT. Then there must be a high-precision control field. For realizing surveying without control points, a method for self-calibration is proposed.     

Study on the urban heat island effects and its relationship with surface biophysical characteristics using MODIS imageries

This study assesses surface urban heat island (UHI) and its associated surface physical characteristics using remote sensing approaches. TERRA/MODIS images acquired in 2005 in three different seasons were selected to generate land surface tem-perature and surface characteristics for the Changsha-Zhuzhou-Xiangtan metropolitan area in China. The intensity of urban heat is-land effects and its seasonal variations were examined. The result showed that UHI effects were significant both in the summer and the spri...     

Integrating terrain and vegetation indices for identifying potential soil erosion risk area

The present paper offers an innovative method to monitor the change in soil erosion potential by integrating terrain and vegetation indices derived from remote sensing data. Three terrain indices namely, topographic wetness index (TWI), stream power index (SPI) and slope length factor (LS), were derived from the digital elevation model. Normalized vegetation index (NDVI) was derived for the year 1988 and 2004 using remote sensing images. K-mean clustering was performed on staked indices to categorize the study area into four soil erosion potential classes. The validation of derived erosion potential map using USLE model showed a good agreement. Results indicated that there was a significant change in the erosion potential of the watershed and a gradual shifting of lower erosion potential class to next higher erosion potential class over the study period.     

Use of service middleware based on ECHO with CSW for discovery and registry of MODIS data

Nowadays, NASA is producing several terabytes Moderate Resolution Imaging Spectroradiometer (MODIS) data everyday; how to find the data with criteria, such as specific times, locations, and scales using an international standard becomes more and more important. In this paper, a service-oriented architecture for use of the integration Earth Observation System Clearing-HOuse (ECHO) with the Open Geospatial Consortium (OGC) Catalogue Service—Web profile (CSW) is put forward. The architecture consists of three roles: a service requester (the user), a service provider (the ECHO metadata server), and a service broker (the GeoNetwork CSW and MODIS registry service middleware). The core component-MODIS registry service middleware includes three components: metadata fetcher, metadata transformer, and metadata register. The metadata fetcher is used to fetch metadata from ECHO metadata server; the metadata transformer is responsible for transform metadata from one form to another; the metadata register is in charge of registering ISO19139-based metadata to CSW. A prototype system is designed and implemented by using the service middleware technology and a standard interface and protocol. The feasibility and the response time of registry and retrieval of MODIS data are evaluated by means of a realistic LPDAAC_ECS MODIS data center. The implementation of this prototype system and the experiment show that the architecture and method is feasible and effective.     

Vulnerability Assessment and Earthquake Risk Mapping in Part of North Iran Using Geospatial Techniques

Earthquakes cause huge loss of lives and infrastructure every year in Iran. Many settlement areas (urban & rural) as well as Tehran, the capital city of Iran are located in the hazardous area. This research deals with the earthquake risk assessment and mapping based on recent remote sensing information on a GIS platform. The study area is part of Central Alborz in southern Caspian Sea and north of capital city of Tehran called Marzanabad area. It is a potentially high-risk zone as several earthquakes have occurred in the past. The study’s main objective is to develop an Earthquake Risk Map at the scale of 1:25,000 to identify high-risk zone and vulnerability areas to the settlements and infrastructure of area. Digital lineaments wear extraction and analysis for identification the faults using several RADAR and optical images with spatial analysis techniques. The probable faults were detected by superimposition of the lithological and geomorphologic features and their variance over the lineaments in a GIS environment. This research work involved fault identification on the remote sensed dataset as well as field studies and the risky areas were classified in the vicinity of the faults by applying different buffer with specifying distance of the source/site of risk to fault location. Statistical analysis of Earthquake Risk Map (ERM) by GIS indicated that 32% of the total area with about 66% of settlements and 52% of population is located in strongly high-risk and high-risk zone. Moderately low risk and low risk zones cover 38.67% of total area, which is free of settlements as well as population. The Earthquake map elaborated in this research work will be a useful tool for disaster management as well as urban and regional planning of future activities in the area.     

Study on Sampling Rule and Simplification of LiDAR Point Cloud Based on Terrain Complexity

It is difficult to obtain digital elevation model (DEM) in the mountainous regions. As an emerging technology, Light Detection and Ranging (LiDAR) is an enabling technology. However, the amount of points obtained by LiDAR is huge. When processing LiDAR point cloud, huge data will lead to a rapid decline in data processing speed, so it is necessary to thin LiDAR point cloud. In this paper, a new terrain sampling rule had been built based on the integrated terrain complexity, and then based on the rule a LiDAR point cloud simplification method, which was referred as to TCthin, had been proposed. The TCthin method was evaluated by experiments in which XUthin and Lasthin were selected as the TCthin’s comparative methods. The TCthin’s simplification degree was estimated by the simplification rate value, and the TCthin’s simplification quality was evaluated by Root Mean Square Deviation. The experimental results show that the TCthin method can thin LiDAR point cloud effectively and improve the simplification quality, and at 5 m, 10 m, 30 m scale levels, the TCthin method has a good applicability in the areas with different terrain complexity. This study has theoretical and practical value in sampling theory, thinning LiDAR point cloud, building high-precision DEM and so on.     

Sea-Level Change Over the China Sea and Its Vicinity Derived from 25-Year T/P Series Altimeter Data

The characteristics of sea-level change in the China Sea and its vicinity are studied by combining TOPEX/Poseidon (T/P), Jason-1, Jason-2, and Jason-3 altimeter data. First, the sea-surface height is computed by using monthly data via collinear adjustment, regional selection, and crossover adjustment. The sea-level anomaly (SLA) from October 1992 to July 2017 is calculated based on the difference that is obtained by the value derived from the inverse distance weighting method to interpolate the CNES_CLS15 model value at a normal point. By analyzing the satellite data at the same time in orbit, three mean bias groups over the China Sea and its vicinity are obtained: the difference between T/P and Jason-1 is ??11.76 cm, the difference between Jason-1 and Jason-2 is 9.6 cm, and the difference between Jason-2 and Jason-3 is 2.42 cm. To establish an SLA series for 25 years in the study area, the SLAs are corrected. Mean rate of sea-level rise of the Bohai Sea, Yellow Sea, East China Sea, and South China Sea of 4.87 mm/a, 2.68 mm/a, 2.88 mm/a, and 4.67 mm/a, respectively, is found by analyzing the series of SLAs.     

Surface Reflectance Climate Data Records (CDRs) is a Reliable Landsat ETM+ Source to Study Chlorophyll Content in Pecan Orchards

We evaluated the relationships among three Landsat Enhanced Thematic Mapper (ETM+) datasets, top-of-atmosphere (TOA) reflectance, surface reflectance climate data records (surface reflectance-_CDR) and atmospherically corrected images using Fast Line-of-Sight atmospheric analysis of Spectral Hypercubes model (surface reflectance-_FLAASH) and their linkto pecan foliar chlorophyll content(chl-cont). Foliar chlorophyll content as determined with a SPAD meter, and remotely-sensed data were collected from two mature pecan orchards (one grown in a sandy loam and the other in clay loam soil) during the experimental period. Enhanced vegetation index derived from remotely sensed data was correlated to chl-cont. At both orchards, TOA reflectance was significantly lower than surface reflectance within the 550–2400 nm wavelength range. Reflectance from atmospherically corrected images (surface reflectance-_CDR and surface reflectance-_FLAASH) was similar in the shortwave infrared (SWIR: 1550–1750 and 2080–2350 nm) and statistically different in the visible (350–700 nm). Enhanced vegetation index derived from surface reflectance-_CDR and surface reflectance-_FLAASH had higher correlation with chl-cont than TOA. Accordingly, surface reflectance is an essential prerequisite for using Landsat ETM+  data and TOA reflectance could lead to miss-/or underestimate chl-cont in pecan orchards. Interestingly, the correlation comparisons (Williams t test) between surface reflectance-_CDR and chl-cont was statistically similar to the correlation between chl-cont and commercial atmospheric correction model. Overall, surface reflectance-_CDR, which is freely available from the earth explorer portal, is a reliable atmospherically corrected Landsat ETM+ image source to study foliar chlorophyll content in pecan orchards.