西藏中部扎西错布晚更新世晚期微体古生物与环境变化初步研究

西藏中部扎西错布东岸T1剖面厚639cm,含6属11种介形类和1属2种以上轮藻类。据其在地层中的分布特征划分出8个生物组合,各组合间的差异表现在介形类动物群的丰度、分异度和每个种的丰度变化,根据生物属种生态特征和组合变化探讨湖区大约18653～13144aBP生态环境及气候变化情况如下:①约18653～17239aBP,湖区气候较干(冷),湖面收缩下降,湖水有一定含盐度(可能达中盐水18‰),其间有波动:18309～17809aBP,气候曾一度暖湿,湖面扩大,水质淡化;②约17239～13920aBP,气候较暖湿,水质含盐度降低,其间有气候波动,分别在16506～15213aBP和15213～13963aBP时段偏干(冷)和偏湿冷,相应地其水质含盐度增加或减小;③13920～13144aBP,气候突变,湖泊环境突然恶化,介形类灭绝,仅剩下对气候环境反应滞后的轮藻类低等植物。     

城市污水土地处理系统优化管理模型初探

运用嵌入法将高度非线性的非饱和水、质运移模拟模型作为优化管理模型的约束条件与优化模型有机结合起来，尝试通过遗传算法对非线性优化模型进行了求解，初步构建了城市污水土地处理系统优化管理模型的框架。     

内蒙古岱海表层沉积物中孢粉的分布及来源

岱海位于半干旱区东部边缘及东亚夏季风的尾闾区，生态环境体系脆弱，气候和环境变化敏感，是研究环境变化的理想地区。65个湖泊表层及入湖河流冲积物样品的孢粉分析揭示了岱海表层孢粉沉积特征及孢粉来源。岱海表层孢粉主要来源于区域性植被的孢粉，其总体特征反映了区域植被的组成，但不同部位孢粉组合的差异反映了湖滨当地植被的变化。受沉积环境的影响，岱海湖区孢粉浓度总体上要低于入湖河流孢粉浓度，湖区中部孢粉浓度最高。岱海孢粉以河流携带的为主，同时受风力传播的影响。蒿、藜科、桦、虎榛子等花粉和蕨类孢子以河流搬运的为主，松、禾本科及莎草科花粉可能还受风力传播的影响。一些仅在个别样品中出现且百分比很低的花粉类型如豆科、十字花科等还有可能是昆虫、鸟类或人类活动携带而来。     

定量评价中国北方粉尘源区地表覆盖类型对表土风蚀强度的影响

根据中国北方不同地表覆盖类型下表土的微团粒粒度分布和粗糙度长度参数,应用DPM模型分别计算了高草覆盖下、低草覆盖下、开垦耕地、砂砾质戈壁、砾质戈壁和裸露沙地在不同摩擦速度时的跃移通量。结果表明,裸露的粉细砂和细砂的跃移通量分别是砂砾质戈壁的几十倍;只有在极高风速条件下低草和高草覆盖下的砾质砂地才出现风蚀,其跃移通量与前面几种覆盖类型存在着1—2个数量级的差异。不同覆盖条件下地表可蚀性组分粒度分布和粗糙度长度的差异是造成风蚀强度差异的主要原因。在此基础上。从风蚀机制讨论了中国北方第四纪粉尘和现代粉尘的主要源区。     

红光固体二极管点阵在释光测年中的光照应用

释光测年实验室照明光源的特征(波长与功率)直接影响到释光测年数据的准确性,因此释光测年技术对照明光源的要求很严格。通过对比,选择了典型的红光固体二极管R LED1(661±15)nm作为研究对象。利用R LED1点阵对已知剂量的石英和钾长石样品进行不同时间的光照后,再用单片再生法恢复样品的等效剂量,发现样品的等效剂量与已知剂量差别不大,表明石英和钾长石经过不同时间的R LED1点阵光照后没有发生明显的信号衰减,对测年样品没有影响。因此,利用波长为(661±15)nm的红光固体二极管作为释光测年实验室的照明光源是安全可靠的。     

Phytoplankton pigment patterns and community composition in the northern South China Sea during winter

Phytoplankton pigment patterns and community composition were investigated in the northern South China Sea using high-performance liquid chromatography and the CHEMTAX software from February 11 to 23, 2009. We recognized four different vertical distribution patterns of pigments: chlorophyll a (Chl a)-like type, divinyl chlorophyll a (DV Chl a) type, even distribution type, and surface type. The average value of ratios of accessory photo-protective pigments (APP) to accessory photo-synthetic pigments was 0.8...     

浅层地下水氯代烃污染天然生物降解的判别依据

天然条件下氯代烃生物降解的判别, 是确定氯代烃污染天然衰减恢复治理技术是否可以采用的关键, 可为天然衰减恢复治理技术的应用提供技术支持.通过分析氯代烃生物降解的特性发现, 地下水环境中氯代烃的生物降解, 必然伴随有第一基质、电子受体、中间产物以及有关的一些间接性指标, 在污染羽状体不同位置及污染羽状体内外产生明显变化, 这些指标的变化均可以不同程度地指示氯代烃生物降解的产生.据此总结出氯代烃生物降解衰减的判别依据分别为电子受体、第一基质(能源和碳源) 及降解中间产物三类指标.      

Dredging influenced sediment toxicity of endosulfan and lindane on black tiger shrimp （Penaeus monodon Fabricius） in Chantaburi River estuary in Thailand

Series of experiments, including background sediment elutriate, spiked-sediment elutriate and spiked- water toxicity tests, were carried out to study the effect of dredging on survivability and ecological competence of commercially important shrimp postlarvae of Penaeus monodon Fabricius. The test sediment represented the most contaminated from endosulfan and lindane in the Chantaburi river mouth estuary. The maximum sediment contamination levels were 49.4 μg/kg of endosulfan and 58.1 μg/kg of lindane in dry weight basis. Dose-response studies in static, non-renewal spiked-sediment elutriate toxicity tests revealed that LC 50 （96 h） values for survival effect based on measured concentrations were 0.50 （0.26-0.95） μg/L for endosulfan and 0.92 （0.63-1.34） μg/L for lindane. The LOECs for endosulfan and lindane were 0.141 and 0.429 μg/L, respectively. The NOECs were estimated to be the dissoluted endosulfan and lindane concentrations from the Chantaburi estuary sediment. The effects on phenoloxidase enzyme activity in shrimp postlarvae exposed for sub-lethal to lethal doses in sediment elutriate were not significant （p〉0.05） at all tested dose levels. The worst case dissolution concentrations of endosulfan and lindane in the water column upon simulatory dredging in the Chantaburi estuary were found to be toxic to shrimp postlarvae on lethal and sub-lethal effects. The NOECs of respective chemicals （i.e., 0.034 and 0.16 μg/L） shared the same orders of magnitude for corresponding NOECs established for whole salt water aquatic life by the USEPA and ＂safe＂ levels calculated by 0.01 safety factor approach. In addition, the significance of multiple pollutant assessments for ecological toxicity testing is highlighted.     

Quantitatively distinguishing sediments from the Yangtze River and the Yellow River using δEu_N-ΣREEs plot

Sediment samples were collected from the lower channel of the Yangtze River and the Yellow River and the contents of rare earth elements (REEs) were measured. In addition, some historical REEs data were collected from published literatures. Based on the δEuN-ΣREEs plot, a clear boundary was found be-tween the sediments from the two rivers. The boundary can be described as an orthogonal polynomial equation by ordinary linear regression with sediments from the Yangtze River located above the curve and sedimen...     

Using lightning locating system based on time-of-arrival technique to study three-dimensional lightning discharge processes

A time-of-arrival(TOA) system based on GPS technology for locating VHF radiation sources from lightning has been developed and used in observation sites in the northern Shandong Province,China.The 3D images of the lightning progression have been obtained successfully for the first time in China.The 3D-channel evolutions of typical negative CG,positive CG and IC lightning flashes have been discussed together with the data of fast electric field change.It was found that significant differences existed between the negative and positive CG lightning flashes in terms of the initiation and propagation of the radiation sources.The preliminary breakdown of a negative CG lightning flash propagated at a speed about 5.2×104 m/s.The stepped leader of negative CG lightning flashes was trigged by negative initial breakdown.Thereafter,it propagated downward at a speed of 1.3×105 m/s.The initial process of the positive CG lightning flashes was also a propagation process of negative streamer.These streamers propagated dominantly horizontally in the positive charge region and accumulated positive charges at the origin of the lightning,and as a consequence,initiated downward positive streamers.A new type of lightning discharge that was triggered by a narrow bipolar pulse(NBP) is discussed in this study.The NBP was originated at altitude of about 10.5 km in the upper positive charge region.As a distinct difference from normal IC flash,its channels extended horizontally all around and produced a lot of radiation sources.The source power of the NBP could approach 16.7 kW,which is much greater than that of normal lightning discharge ranging between 100 mW and 500 W.The 3D propagation of this new type of lightning discharge was observed and obtained for the first time in China.The possible initiation mechanism of this new type of light-ning is discussed here.