Determination of Area-Averaged Sensible Heat Fluxes with a Large Aperture Scintillometer over a Heterogeneous Surface – Flevoland Field Experiment

To test the applicability of the scintillation method over a heterogeneous area an experiment was carried out in the summer of 1998 in Flevoland (The Netherlands). In the patchy area only four crops were grown namely sugar beet, potatoes, wheat and onions. From eddy covariance measurements it was found that the heterogeneity was mainly caused by differences in thermal properties. No variations in the aerodynamics roughness length were observed. Two large aperture scintillometers were installed at a height of 11.6 and 20.4 m. A good resemblance was found between the sensible heat fluxes derived from both LAS instruments and the area-averaged fluxes obtained from the in-situ eddy covariance measurements. The slight underestimation of the lower LAS could be assessed using a blending height model and an analytical footprint model. The results also indicated that when scintillometer measurements are made below the blending height the violation to Monin–Obukhov Similarity Theory is small and that reasonable fluxes can be obtained from path-averaged structure parameters.     

兰州市低空风时空变化特征及其与空气污染的关系

对1988年至1992年兰州市环境监测站自动监测系统监测到的近地面逐时风和空气污染浓度资料以及对应时段的兰州市低空风资料乃至城，郊近40年的地面风资料做了深入的分析，并将城区与郊区对照点（榆中站）进行对比研究，揭示了风向频率变化特征和风速日变化，年变化，年际变化以及风随高度的变化规律。同时分析了对应时段空气污染的分布状况及其与风速的相关关系，为研究兰州市边界层大气动力稳定度的时空变化规律和开展空气污染预报提供了一定的依据。     

Convergence of realization-based statistics to model-based statistics for the LU unconditional simulation algorithm: some numerical tests

 In geostatistics, stochastic simulation is often used either as an improved interpolation algorithm or as a measure of the spatial uncertainty. Hence, it is crucial to assess how fast realization-based statistics converge towards model-based statistics (i.e. histogram, variogram) since in theory such a match is guaranteed only on average over a number of realizations. This can be strongly affected by the random number generator being used. Moreover, the usual assumption of independence among simulated realizations of a random process may be affected by the random number generator used. Simulation results, obtained by using three different random number generators implemented in Geostatistical Software Library (GSLib), are compared. Some practical aspects are pointed out and some suggestions are given to users of the unconditional LU simulation method.     

辽宁省防震减灾“九五”重点项目实施概况及建设成果

“九五”期间，辽宁省地震局按照中国地震局的统一部署，应用先进的数字技术、网络技术和计算机技术，对原有的前兆与地震观测的模拟技术系统进行了改造，新建了辽宁省地震信息网络系统和防震减灾指挥中心，这是辽宁省第一次这样大规模地对防震减灾技术系统进行建设和改造。本文对“九五”重点项目的任务、技术系统构成及建设成果进行了阐述。     

闾阳-康平-梨树深地震测深剖面野外资料数字化的设计与实现

通过分析闾阳－康平－梨树深地震测深剖面的观测设计、观测结果以及仪器系统特点，根据项目研究目的及要求，对该剖面的模拟记录进行了数字化设计与实现，以满足用新方法对资料的进一步处理运算，并为资料的交流和永久保存打下了良好基础。     

草滩沟群、丹凤岩群火山岩对比及其构造环境分析

通过北泰岭造山带西段凤县地区1：5万辛家庄、红花铺幅区调填图及前人成果，对位于秦岭岩群南北两侧的丹凤岩群和草滩沟群火山岩的岩石类型、岩石化学及地球化学特征进行对比，认为二者均属亚碱性岩系之钙性－钙碱性系列；前者为中－基性岩组合，显示了岛弧外侧－边缘海型的构造背景特征；后者为中－酸性岩组合，具弧后盆地拉张裂谷活动背景特征。为探讨北秦岭造山带的地质发展史提供了新的资料。     

322矿田铀矿床原地破碎浸出经济评估

本文从原地破碎浸出法采矿工艺流程出发，对322铀矿田碎裂蚀变化岗岩型铀矿床（点）的各项成本要素进行了研究，建立了原地破碎浸出经济模型，引入了铀浸出率和回收率高速系数。利用原地爆破筑堆试验及一系列铀矿柱浸工艺试验获得的原地破碎浸出经济分析参数及经济评价模型对322矿田铀矿床原地破碎浸出进行了经济评估。     

土地利用方式对岩溶山地土壤种子库的影响

本文从种类组成、种子数量、生态优势度、物种多样性、种子分布规律和物种相似性等方面比较了重庆市岩溶低山10种不同土地利用系统的土壤种子库特点，10种土地利用类型包括耕地、弃耕地、果园、灌草坡、人工林和次生林。结果表明，研究区种子以草本为主，随土利用强度增加，种子类和数量减少，与地面农田杂草相似性增加，土壤种子库出质和量方面的锐减。从土壤种子角度说明研究区生态退化严重。     

Orbital forcing signal in sediments of two Amazonianlakes

Paleolimnological data from two ancient lakes at 0° latitudein Amazonia indicate that past lake level changes reflect precessional (19,000to 22,000 years) variations in insolation over the last 170,000 years. Waterlevel in Lakes Pata and Verde, Brazil, is determined by the ratio ofprecipitation:leakage. Times of low lake level are indicated in sediments byoxidized clays, evidence of algal blooms and high K⁺ concentrations.Peak K⁺ values are attributed to biogenic concentration when thelake was reduced to a shallow, productive pool. Low lake phases correlate withmaximum insolation during the dry season (June–July–August). Thusthe last glacial maximum 18,000 to 22,000 yr BP was a wet time in northernAmazonia, and the driest period of the last 170,000 years was from 35,000 to27,000 yr BP. These results from near the equator do not imply thatprecipitation changed synchronously across Amazonia, because geographiclocations throughout the vast watershed were undoubtedly influenced by localmoisture sources.     

长江经济带生态用地变化类型识别及驱动因素分析

生态用地能够为人们提供生态产品和生态服务,对于维持生态系统健康与安全有着不可替代的作用。在我国城镇化进程快速推进的过程中,生态用地被大量侵占、受损严重,许多土地生态功能丧失。本研究基于1995-2015年的土地利用数据,探究长江经济带生态用地变化时空演变规律,并使用地理探测器和地理加权回归模型对于生态用地变化的驱动机制分别开展全局效应与局部效应分析。本研究将生态用地变化划分为5个类型:严重受损、轻微受损、保持不变、轻微恢复、明显恢复。研究结果表明:1995年至2015年,长江经济带生态用地面积呈现先增加后减少的趋势,但是总体的趋势是减少的,受损面积大于恢复面积。其中,减少的面积主要来自于林地和耕地。在这20年间,从生态用地变化类型来看,保持不变类型的面积最大,其次是轻微受损和轻微恢复类型。生态用地变化是多种因素相互作用的结果,而任何两个驱动因子共同作用的解释力都大于单一的驱动因素。此外,根据地理位置的不同,不同驱动因子对于生态用地变化的影响也不同。本文研究结果有助于土地管理者和政策制定者更好地制定区域和地方的相关土地利用政策。相关经验教训也可以推广到其他地区,以更好地管理生态用地,实现可持续发展。