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81.
Summary The strong cooling rates of the surface air, which are observed in Fairbanks in winter immediately following clearing of the sky, can, in the first hours, be explained solely by the negative radiation balance. Later on, gravity drainage of cold air from the surrounding hills into the lower valley contributes about 30% to the observed energy loss of the air above the valley. Energy balance calculations show that the negative radiation balance is compensated mainly by sensible (62%) and soil heat flux (32%) while condensation contributes only a small 6%.
Zusammenfassung Die starken Abkühlungsraten der bodennahen Luftschicht, die im Winter in Fairbanks beobachter werden, wenn die Bewölkung abnimmt, können in den ersten Studen allein durch die negative Strahlungsbilanz erklärt werden. Später hat der katabatische Wind, der kalte Luft von den Fairbanks umgebenden Hügeln in das niedriger liegende Tal bringt, einen Anteil an dem Energieverlust der Luft über dem Tal von etwa einem Drittel. Die Berechnung der Wärmebilanz zeigt, dass die negative Strahlungsbilanz hauptsächlich vom sensiblen Wärmestrom (62%) und dem Wärmestrom aus dem Boden (32%) kompensiert wird, während die Kondensation nur 6% beiträgt.相似文献
82.
Prof. Dr. Herfried Hoinkes Dr. Gerd Wendler 《Theoretical and Applied Climatology》1968,16(2-3):195-236
Zusammenfassung Der vorliegende Bericht befaßt sich mit der Berechnung des Anteils der Strahlungsbilanz an der Ablation auf 15,5 km2 Gletscherflächen während der Ablationsperiode 1958. Die Gletscherflächen wurden in 175 Flächenelemente bestimmter Neigung und Richtung zerlegt und die direkte Sonnenstrahlung relativ zur horizontalen Fläche wurde für die Gletscher ermittelt. Die effektiv mögliche Sonnenscheindauer wurde für 177 Punkte auf den Gletscherflächen durch Vermessung bestimmt und daraus die Reduktion der Sonnenstrahlung durch die Horizontabschirmung berechnet. Der Gesamtverlust an direkter Sonnenstrahlung durch Neigung, Exposition und Horizontabschirmung betrug für alle Gletscher in der Ablationsperiode Mai bis September etwa acht Prozent. Durch die Wirkung der diffusen Strahlung verringert sich der Verlust auf etwa sechs Prozent für die Globalstrahlung der Ablationsperiode 1958. Ausgehend von der registrierten Sonnenscheindauer in Vent (1900 m), und der registrierten Globalstrahlung beim Hochjochhospiz (2410 m) sowie am Kesselwandferner (3240 m) wurde die Globalstrahlung für alle Gletscher berechnet. Aus der beobachteten Schneebedeckung der Gletscher und aus Messungen wurde die Albedo für die einzelnen Monate ermittelt und damit die kurzwellige Strahlungsbilanz abgeschätzt. Zusammen mit der von der Bewölkung abhängigen langwelligen Strahlungsbilanz wurde die gesamte Strahlungsbilanz für verschiedene Albedowerte in der Ablationsperiode 1958 berechnet. Für jeden Tag wurde die Höhe der Null-Grad-Isotherme ermittelt und damit die Größe der Gletscherfläche, auf der Schmelzung möglich war.Die durch die Strahlungsbilanz verursachte Schmelzung wurde zu 21,4·106 m3 Wasser berechnet oder zu 64% der beobachteten Gesamtablation von 33,5·106 m3 Wasser. Der Anteil der Strahlung an der Eisablation ergab sich zu 61%, der an der Schneeablation zu 66%, was gut mit den Ergebnissen detaillierter Studien des Wärmehaushaltes an einzelnen Punkten auf Gletschern übereinstimmt. Es wird somit auch für die gesamte Gletscherfläche und die gesamte Ablationsperiode bestätigt, daß die Strahlung die wichtigste Energiequelle für die Ablation auf den Gletschern der Alpen ist.
Mit 10 Abbildungen 相似文献
Summary The present report deals with the calculation of the contribution of net radiation towards ablation on 15.5 km2 of glacier surface during the ablation period 1958. The glaciers were subdivided into 175 surface elements of specific slope and exposure, and direct solar radiation calculated in relation to a horizontal surface for all glaciers. The local duration of bright sunshine throughout the year was surveyed for 177 points on the glaciers, and reduction of solar radiation owing to screening of the horizon by mountains calculated. The total loss in direct solar radiation owing to slope, exposure and screening, amounted to about eight per cent on an average for all glaciers in the ablation period May to September. Due to the contribution of diffuse radiation this loss is reduced to about six per cent of total short-wave radiation in the ablation period 1958. Based on the recorded duration of bright sunshine in Vent (1900 m), on the recorded total short-wave radiation at Hochjochhospiz (2410 m), and on the Kesselwandferner (3240 m), total short-wave radiation was calculated for all glaciers. Observations of snow cover on glaciers and measurements of albedo allowed an estimate to be made of the short-wave radiation budget in single months. Together with the long-wave radiation budget the total radiation budget for typical values of albedo during the ablation period 1958 could be calculated. For each day the height of the freezing level was determined, and the size of the glacier surface with possible melting.The ablation caused by net radiation was calculated as 21.4·106 m3 of water, i. e. 64 per cent of the observed total ablation of 33.5·106 m3 of water. The contribution of radiation towards melting of ice was 61 per cent, towards melting of snow 66 per cent. This is in fair agreement with the results of detailed investigations of heat budget on single spots of glaciers. The present results, which are valid for the whole glacier surface and the total ablation period, confirm that solar radiation is the most important source of energy for ablation on glaciers in the Alps.
Résumé Le présent mémoire se rapporte au calcul de la part du bilan de radiation revenant à l'ablation d'une surface de glaciers de 15.5 km2 durant la période d'ablation de 1958. On a divisé les glaciers en 175 éléments de surface selon leur exposition et leur pente. On a alors déterminé pour les glaciers le rayonnement solaire direct relativement à une surface horizontale. On a en outre déterminé par mensuration la durée d'insolation maximum possible pour 177 points des glaciers et on en a tiré la réduction du rayonnement solaire par suite de l'ombre portée par l'horizon. La perte totale en rayonnement solaire direct due à la pente, à l'exposition et à l'ombre portée par l'horizon représente environ 8% pour tous les glaciers durant la période d'ablation de mai à septembre. Par suite du rayonnement diffus, la perte se réduit à environ six pour-cent par rapport à la radiation globale pour la période d'ablation de l'année 1958. La radiation globale a été calculée pour tous les glaciers en partant de l'insolation mesurée à Vent (1900 m d'altitude) et de la radiation globale enregistrée à l'hospice du Hochjoch (2410 m) ainsi qu'au Kesselwandferner (3240 m).On a estimé ensuite l'albédo mensuel par des mesures et des observations de la couverture de neige et on en a tiré le bilan de radiation à ondes courtes. En y ajoutant le bilan de radiation à longues ondes dépendant de la nébulosité, on a calculé le bilan total de radiation pour la période d'ablation 1958 et cela pour diverses valeurs de l'albédo. Pour chaque jour, on a déterminé l'altitude de l'isotherme de zéro degré ainsi que la grandeur de la surface du glacier qui en découle et où la fonte fut possible. L'eau de fonte due au bilan de radiation fut calculée à 21.4·106 m3, c'est à dire 64% des 33.5·106 m3 d'eau d'ablation mesurée. La part d'ablation due au rayonnement est de 61% pour la glace, de 66% pour la neige, ce qui correspond très bien aux résultats d'études détaillées de l'économie thermique faites à certains points de glaciers. Par là, on confirme que pour la période d'ablation totale ainsi que pour la surface totale du glacier, le rayonnement est la source d'énergie la plus importante pour l'ablation sur les glaciers des Alpes.
Mit 10 Abbildungen 相似文献
83.
Burkhard A. Hense Gabriele F. Severin Gerd Pfister Gerhard Welzl Wolfgang Jaser Karl‐Werner Schramm 《洁净——土壤、空气、水》2005,33(1):27-37
Microcosm tests were conducted to investigate the effects of the estrogenic substances nonylphenol (NP) and 17α‐ethinylestradiol (EE) on aquatic ecosystems. Maximum concentrations of 9 to 120 μg L—1 NP resp. 49 to 724 ng L—1 EE were induced by controlled release. The controlled release method allows the establishment of a continuous concentration course. The microcosms proved to run robustly with abiotic conditions close to natural. They developed biocenosis with similar characteristics as in natural ecosystems and, considering their given level of complexity, they can be used to describe possible risks for the environment. Both tested chemicals unveiled the potential to affect the plankton communities in the tested concentration range. NP exposure caused a reduction of Cladocera and Copepoda abundances and disturbed the phytoplankton structure. A NOECcommunity of 30 μg L—1 was calculated. In the first EE study, a flood in the lake where the microcosm water was collected caused additional stress and thereby a high variability, both between the microcosms and in each microcosm over time. Probably therefore the only effect found was a reduction of Copepoda abundance. In a second EE study Cladocera and Copepoda abundances were reduced, from which the phytoplankton benefited. Although a final interpretation is difficult for results of microcosm tests, there are indications that the found effects of EE and perhaps also NP may be caused at least partially by endocrine disruptive activity. 相似文献
84.
85.
Intensive meteorological observations were carried out at three sites along the slope of Adélie Land, Antarctica, with the goal of documenting summertime meteorological features of the katabatic zone. Three observational sites were placed at 5 km (D10), 110 km (D47), and 210 km (D57) from the coast, and frequency distributions of meteorological parameters were obtained at each site. Some meteorological features at D47 and D57 (interior sites) were different than at D10 (the coastal site); namely, mean air temperatures averaged for the whole observational period showed more pronounced diurnal variations at the interior sites than at the coastal site. These variations could be represented by sinusoidal curves. Wind speeds also showed diurnal variations, whose extremes appeared several hours later than the temperature extremes. The prevailing wind direction for all sites was southerly, about 30° east of the fall line, with small variations in wind direction. The strength and the height of temperature inversions were examined in two different layers (0 to 50 m, 50 to 300 m) at D47. A strong, shallow inversion layer formed at night, however, completely vanished during the day. On the other hand, an upper level inversion whose strength was weak persisted. The katabatic characteristics of the surface wind found at D47 in summer could be due to this upper level temperature inversion.A contribution to I.A.G.O. (Interaction-Atmosphere-Glace-Ocean). 相似文献
86.
87.
The aim of the study is an impact analysis of global climate change on regional hydrology with special emphasis on discharge
conditions and floods. The investigations are focussed on the major part of the German Rhine catchment with a drainage area
of approx. 110,000 km2. This area is subdivided into 23 subcatchments. In a first step, the hydrological model HBV-D serves to simulate runoff conditions
under present climate for the individual subbasins. Simulated, large scale atmospheric fields, provided by two different Global
Circulation Models (GCMs) and driven by the emission scenario IS95a (“business as usual”) are then used as input to the method
of expanded downscaling (EDS). EDS delivers local time series of scenario climate as input to HBV-D. In a final step, the
investigations are focussed on the assessment of possible future runoff conditions under the impact of climate change. The
study indicates a potential increase in precipitation, mean runoff and flood discharge for small return intervals. However,
the uncertainty range that originates from the application of the whole model chain and two different GCMs is high. This leads
to high cumulative uncertainties, which do not allow conclusions to be drawn on the development of future extreme floods. 相似文献
88.
Geotechnical systems, consisting of soil and embedded solid structures, are practically stable if inevitable actions cause at most harmless redistributions. This kind of robustness can often be achieved with limit state design, i.e. by assuming representative snapshots of worst cases. Changes in configuration and state due to changing boundary conditions can be better judged with quasi-static numerical simulations using validated constitutive relations. The ever-present fractality of the ground may be neglected as long as the system is stable, whereas it gets dominant during a progressive loss of stability with jerky critical phenomena which elude mathematical treatment until present. In this sense geotechnical systems can be or get sensitive, i.e. further actions can trigger detrimental chain reactions with seismogeneous collapse of the soil fabric, pore pressure increase up to liquefaction, erosion, cracking of ground and structural parts and/or tilting. The geotechnical risk can be better mitigated by taking into account chain reactions with wild randomness. It can be further reduced by monitoring the seismic emission in addition to mass flows, structural deformations and pore pressures. The paper is to clarify notions and concepts. 相似文献
89.
90.