Evidence for Tibetan Plateau Uplift in Qaidam Basin before Eocene-Oligocene Boundary and Its Climatic Implications

Geometry analysis of the Hongsanhan (红三旱) Section in the northwestern Qaidam basin illustrates the typical growth strata in the Xiaganchaigou (下干柴沟) Formation. The age and sedimentation rates of the Xiaganchaigou and the Shangganchaigou (上干柴沟) formations were determined by the high-resolution magnetostratigraphy. This result shows that the growth strata began to form at ca. 38.0 Ma and increased sedimentation rates occurred at ca. 37.0 Ma. The uplift of the Tibetan plateau before the Eocene-Oligocene boundary is confirmed, which enables us to better understand the relationship between climatic changes and the tectonic uplift. This uplift event could have resuited in the regional drying by blocking the moisture and contributed to the Eocene-Oligocene boundary global cooling event due to the declining atmospheric CO2 concentrations by increased weathering of the mountains.     

泥岩、页岩声速各向异性及其影响因素分析

在实验室超声波频率下(纵波主频为700kHz、横波为250kHz)对层理发育的页岩和泥岩的各向异性进行了研究,给出了在干燥和油饱和条件下,样品不同方向上纵、横波速度以及各向异性参数随压力的变化规律. 用X 射线衍射和扫描电镜分析了样品中引起各向异性的原因,指出平行于层理定向排列的粘土矿物和微裂隙是使样品显示出强弹性各向异性的内在原因. 随着压力的增高微裂隙逐渐闭合,样品的各向异性程度减弱. 孔隙流体的存在增强了孔隙（裂隙）的刚度,减弱了各向异性随压力增大而减小的趋势.     

煤成甲烷碳同位素分馏的动力学模拟

主要目的是通过动力学模拟实验与GC-IRMS技术建立煤成甲烷碳同位素分馏的动力学模拟.热解产物中甲烷碳同位素的测定结果表明,同时假定生气过程中同位素分馏系数(α)固定不变和所有产甲烷母质具有相同的初始碳同位素组成(δ13Co)对于解释煤化过程中的碳同位素分馏是不可行的.在本研究中,为了解决陆源有机质的非均质性,应用了两个方法:一是假定对于煤中所有产甲烷前身物具有一个相同的初始碳同位素组成(δ13Co),通过调整各个平行反应的△Ea,i(Ea,i13C-Ea,i12C)来拟合实测甲烷同位素组成的变化;另一个是假定在整个生气过程中同位素分馏系数(α)不变,即△Ea,i为常数,通过改变fi13C来实现与实测甲烷同位素的拟合.动力学计算结果表明,在2℃/Ma的地质升温速率下两种方法具有相似的结果.     

Mafic dykes derived from Early Cretaceous depleted mantle beneath the Dabie orogenic belt: implications for changing lithosphere mantle beneath Eastern China

SHRIMP zircon U–Pb geochronological, elemental and Sr–Nd isotopic data from Early Cretaceous mafic dykes in North Dabie orogenic belt elucidate a change of Mesozoic lithospheric mantle in eastern China. The dykes are predominantly dolerite with the major mineral assemblage clinopyroxene + hornblende + plagioclase and yield a SHRIMP zircon U–Pb age of 111.6 ± 5.3 Ma. They have a narrow range of SiO₂ from 46.16% to 49.78%, and relative low concentrations of K₂O (1.07−2.62%), Na₂O (2.45−3.54%), Al₂O₃ (13.04−14.07%), and P₂O₅ (0.42−0.55%) but relatively high concentration of MgO (5.94–6.61%) with Mg^# 52–54. All the samples are characterized by enrichment of large ion lithophile elements (LILE, e.g., Ba, Th) and high field strength elements (HFSE, e.g., Nb, Ti). (⁸⁷Sr/⁸⁶Sr)_i ratios from 0.704 to 0.705, ε_Nd values from 3.36 to 4.33 and mantle‐depletion Nd model ages (T_2DM) in the range 0.56–0.64 Ga indicate that the magma of the Baiyashan mafic dykes was derived from a young depleted mantle source. This finding is different from previous research on mafic dykes in the age range 120–138 Ma that revealed enrichment of LILE and depletion of HFSE, high initial Sr isotopic ratios and negative ε_Nd, value which represents an old enriched mantle source. Ours is the first report of the existence of Early Cretaceous depleted mantle in eastern China and it implies that changing of enriched mantle to depleted mantle occurred at ca. 112 Ma, associated with back‐arc extension which resulted from the subduction of the Palaeo‐Pacific Plate towards the Asian Continent. Copyright © 2010 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

FY-3A/MERSI, ocean color algorithm, products and demonstrative applications

A medium resolution spectral imager (MERSI) on-board the first spacecraft of the second generation of China’s polar-orbit meteorological satellites FY-3A, is a MODIS-like sensor with 20 bands covering visible to thermal infrared spectral region. FY-3A/MERSI is capable of making continuous global observations, and ocean color application is one of its main targets. The objective is to provide information about the ocean color products of FY-3A/MERSI, including sensor calibration, ocean color algorithms, ocean color products validation and applications. Although there is a visible on-board calibration device, it cannot realize the on-board absolute radiometric calibration in the reflective solar bands. A multisite vicarious calibration method is developed, and used for monitoring the in-flight response change and providing post-launch calibration coefficients updating. FY-3A/MERSI ocean color products consist of the water-leaving reflectance retrieved from an atmospheric correction algorithm, a chlorophyll a concentration (CHL1) and a pigment concentration (PIG1) from global empirical models, the chlorophyll a concentration (CHL2), a total suspended mater concentration (TSM) and the absorption coefficient of CDOM and NAP (YS443) from China’s regional empirical models. The atmospheric correction algorithm based on lookup tables and ocean color components concentration estimation models are described. By comparison with in situ data, the FY-3A/MERSI ocean color products have been validated and preliminary results are presented. Some successful ocean color applications such as algae bloom monitoring and coastal suspended sediment variation have demonstrated the usefulness of FY-3A/MERSI ocean color products.     

Nino2、3区的大洋科考船测气象海浪特征分析

通过分析中国大洋科考22航次第七航段海洋环境资料,重点研究了热带东太平洋洋中脊海域的气象与海浪特征,并分析了同期热带大洋气候背景.船测资料与卫星资料的分析结果一致显示,洋中脊海区受到了东南太平洋副热带高压偏强的影响.本文的分析结果将为更精确地研究Nin02、3区的海洋环境特征提供了数据支持.     

浮式油气生产储卸装置风倾力臂解析解及相关线性关系研究

为了建立驳船型浮式生产储卸装置的风倾力臂和船型参数之间的函数关系,构造了与其主尺度及设计工况对应吃水、排水量和正浮状态侧向所受风倾力臂相关的3个无因次量——"相对力臂"、"相对排水量"和"相对吃水",使前二者的乘积与相对吃水呈现出线性变化关系,通过拟合直线得到风倾力臂的解析解,其有效性经6艘我国现役FPSO的设计数据和理论分析验证,结果理想。     

Conservation status of New Zealand freshwater fish, 2009

The threat status of 74 freshwater and estuarine fish present in New Zealand was determined. Fifty-one native taxa were ranked of which 67% were considered Threatened or At Risk. A single species was classified as Extinct, the New Zealand grayling, which has not been observed since the 1920s. Four taxa were classified in the highest threat category, Nationally Critical, and a further 10 taxa as Threatened (Nationally Endangered or Nationally Vulnerable). Twenty taxa were ranked in the At Risk group with the majority ranked as Declining. Endemic galaxiids (Galaxiidae) dominated the Threatened and At Risk taxa. The majority (68%) belonged to the Galaxias genus, comprising 81% of recognised taxa in this genus and all five species in the genus Neochanna were also ranked as Threatened or At Risk. In addition to 51 native taxa, a further three fish species were considered colonists and 20 introduced species were classified as naturalised, although two of these are considered rare. The majority of the Threatened species occur in the Canterbury and Otago regions where a suite of rare non-migratory galaxiids exist. Threat mechanisms that were identified as causal in the decline of freshwater fish species were the impact of introduced fish species, declining water quality, effects of water abstraction, loss of habitat via land-use change and land-use activities, and river modifications.     

相混合计算法确定蒙脱石含量的对比研究

基于X射线粉晶衍射分析、化学成分分析数据,依据物质平衡原理,应用相混合计算法对陕西洋县、河南确山、内蒙古赤峰三地的膨润土进行了定量物相分析。根据电子探针微区分析所得蒙脱石晶粒化学成分数据,采用以阴离子为基准的氢当量法,计算了膨润土中蒙脱石的晶体化学式。应用CELLSR软件,计算得到膨润土中各主要矿物的晶胞参数。通过与传统的确定膨润土中蒙脱石含量的吸蓝量法和X射线衍射多相Rietveld分析法进行定量对比,结果表明,相混合计算法是确定多种矿物共生的膨润土中蒙脱石含量最有效的物相分析方法。尽管受不同分析方法的误差积累影响,但是由该法确定蒙脱石的含量仍能保证±20％的计算精度。     

基于MODIS NDVI的西辽河流域主要粮食作物时空分布格局

研究以西辽河流域为案例区,以MODIS遥感数据为基础,选取2000、2005和2010年时间点,利用NDVI时间序列信息,结合西辽河流域不同作物物候历,运用决策树提取模型,获取西辽河流域春玉米、春小麦和大豆等主要作物的空间分布信息,定量揭示了10年间西辽河流域主要粮食作物的时空分布特征。研究表明：（1）2010年西辽河流域主要粮食作物播种面积为11 965.08 km2,其中春玉米播种面积约占流域主要粮食作物的92.28%,集中在西辽河流域下游地区;春小麦播种面积占比3.14%,以西辽河流域中游面积最大;大豆播种面积占比4.58%,以西辽河上游流域面积最大。（2）2000-2005年西辽河流域主要粮食作物播种面积大幅增加,涨幅达29.77%,集中在西辽河流域下游地区。其中,春玉米播种面积增长38.99%,春小麦播种面积减少39.04%,大豆播种面积增长21.27%。（3）2005-2010年西辽河流域主要粮食作物播种面积增长缓慢,涨幅为5.18%,集中在西辽河流域下游地区。春玉米播种面积呈现增加趋势,春小麦呈现减少趋势,大豆呈减少趋势。