Correlation analysis between drought indices and terrestrial water storage from 2002 to 2015 in China

Drought monitoring is a key topic in environmental monitoring and assessment although there is still a need to determine the correlation between drought monitoring indices and remote sensing products. We analyzed the correlation between the self-calibrating Palmer Drought Severity Index (sc_PDSI), the Standardized Precipitation Index and the Standardized Precipitation Evapotranspiration Index (SPEI) and terrestrial water storage monitored through the Gravity Recovery and Climate Experiment (GRACE) on a monthly timescale from 2002 to 2015 in China. As a consequence of anomalies in the soil water budget, the highly significant correlation between the sc_PDSI and the GRACE satellite-observed terrestrial water storage suggested that these two datasets are the most suitable for use in monitoring droughts. In comparing the three drought indices, the sc_PDSI was introduced as a means of drought monitoring in the Yangtze, Pearl, Huaihe, Southeast and Songhua River Basins, whereas the SPEI was found to be more applicable to other major river basins, such as the Inland River Basin. These diverse spatial behaviors are caused by the differences between the hydrological droughts characterized by these three drought indices.     

Spatial and temporal variations of suspended solid concentrations from 2000 to 2013 in Poyang Lake,China

Concentrations of suspended solids in lakes can affect the latter’s primary productivity and reflect changes in sediment deposition. Determining the temporal and spatial distribution of suspended solid concentrations has important significance in lake water environmental management; this is particularly urgent for Poyang Lake, the largest freshwater lake in China. In this study, suspended solid concentration inversion models for Poyang Lake were created using a semi-empirical method with regression analysis between continuously measured suspended solid concentration data and multi-band moderate-resolution imaging spectroradiometer images for spring, summer, autumn, and winter from 2009 to 2012. The coefficient of determination (R²) is from 0.6 to 0.9 and the average relative error for the accuracy verification was between 10 and 30%. The seasonal distributions of suspended solid concentrations in Poyang Lake from 2000 to 2013 were then obtained using optimal reversal models. The results showed that the seasonal variation in suspended solid concentrations had a “W” shape in which high spring and autumn and low summer and winter values. The suspended solid concentrations increased annually from 2000 to 2013 and were mainly distributed in the northern and central portions of the lake, with lower values along the shorelines. Further analysis indicated that the large difference in water level between the wet and dry seasons is an important factor in explaining these seasonal variations. Moreover, the suspended solid concentrations were poorly correlated with water temperature and chlorophyll-a concentration but more highly correlated with the deferred chlorophyll-a concentration.     

Semi-analytical solutions for vertically and laterally loaded piles in multilayered soil deposits

In geotechnical practice, it is of considerable importance to assess the behavior of vertical–lateral coupled loading piles in multilayered soil deposits. This study deals with a semi-analytical formulation for the performance of a pile suffering from combined vertical and lateral loads. The emphasis is on quantifying the mobilization of the subgrade reaction provided by the layered soil stratums. In the proposed method, subgrade reactions, correlated with both the accumulative axial load transfer and side resistances depending upon the pile–soil interaction, are abstracted as a series of nonlinear springs in both vertical and lateral directions. On account of this, an alternative transfer matrix method is applied to characterize the pile reaction along the depth under the identified boundary conditions atop the pile; meanwhile, the condition of static equilibrium, between two specific pile segments located at the border of soil layers, is also essential. On this basis, validation of the solution is conducted by comparing with observations from experiments and predictions obtained from other existing methods. In addition, the influence of properties in shallow soil layer and the vertical load on the lateral response of the pile is also discussed. The results indicate a reduction in the lateral displacement and the maximum bending moment within the pile with the increase in the shallow soil stiffness, but a growth with the increase in vertical load due to the “P-Δ effect.”     

鄂尔多斯盆地中部马五7亚段颗粒滩沉积特征及空间分布

鄂尔多斯盆地中部马家沟组地层蕴含丰富的油气资源,以马五₇亚段为主要储集层位的盐下碳酸盐岩油气勘探近期取得了重要突破。基于钻井、测录井、岩芯及薄片等资料,对盆地中部马五₇亚段颗粒滩沉积特征、纵横向展布规律进行综合分析,进而探讨了研究区沉积古地理格局及其颗粒滩发育控制因素。结果表明:研究区马五₇亚段主要由晶粒白云岩及各类型颗粒白云岩构成,纵向上发育潟湖-颗粒滩-灰泥丘-台坪、潟湖-颗粒滩-滩间海-颗粒滩、潟湖-颗粒滩-灰泥丘三种沉积相序,颗粒滩位于向上变浅旋回的中上部,且常与微生物丘构成丘滩复合体建造,具有良好的储集意义。横向上,马五₇亚段发育两套较大规模的颗粒滩,层位稳定且连续性较好,整体表现为中西部厚而东部较薄的特征,平面上则呈南北向发育并沿东部凹陷环带状分布。研究区沉积规律表明马五₇亚段相对缺乏潮坪相沉积特征,推测其沉积环境更符合局限-蒸发台地。沉积期海平面的频繁变化控制了滩体发育规模及其垂向叠置样式,区内西高东底的古构造格局及其内部的微地貌起伏则决定了马五₇颗粒滩平面分布的差异性。     

Visual MODFLOW在煤矿建设地下水环境影响评价中的应用 ——以甘肃省灵台县安家庄煤矿为例

结合甘肃省灵台县安家庄煤矿地下水环境影响评价实例,建立了评价区水文地质概念模型,并基于Visual MODFLOW对评价区地下水进行了数值模拟计算和验证;预报了设计开采条件下研究区不同含水层的地下水水位。预报结果表明:矿坑排水使得煤层所在含水层出现疏干现象,并且疏干范围随着开采范围的增加而不断扩大;在煤矿开采作用下,随着模拟时间的延续,煤系层上覆白垩系洛河组—宜君组含水层地下水位降落漏斗的范围及地下水位下降幅度不断增大,但降落漏斗的范围基本上不超过采空区范围;煤矿开采对白垩系环河组含水层无影响,至矿区开采期结束,未引起含水层水位下降;对上部孔隙、裂隙潜水含水层也无影响,至矿区开采期结束未引起含水层水位下降。     

丹阳天王寺边坡稳定性评价及防治措施

针对苏南地区典型露采边坡的地层岩性及地质构造特点,以极限平衡理论为基础,运用GeoStudio软件中的SLOPE/W模块和VADOSE/W模块计算分析江苏丹阳天王寺边坡在天然工况、暴雨工况及地震工况下的稳定性。结果表明:天然工况下,潜在滑动面分布范围最小,稳定性最高,存在滑动的危险性;暴雨工况下,潜在滑动面分布范围有所增大,稳定性降低,边坡滑动的可能性较大;地震工况下,潜在滑动面分布范围最广,稳定性最低,边坡滑动的可能性很大。基于上述结果,提出防治措施。     

通过校企合作教育改进本科教学的实践与思考

校企合作教育是高校和企业联合,重点培养学生应用实践能力的一种有效机制和模式。本文以笔者研究团队近年来的合作教育实践为基础,剖析了合作教育中学校、学生、教师和企业的角色定位。通过分析总结合作单位和学生的实时反馈,发现了本科教学工作中存在的问题,提出有针对性的教学改进策略,以期提高合作教育的质量和效果,为培养专业应用创新型人才提供理论支持和实践参考。     

金衢盆地典型地区土壤-稻米重金属含量及土壤酸碱度的影响研究

作物对土壤中重金属的吸收受作物种类、采集部位及土壤理化性质等多方面因素的影响。近年来,金衢盆地土壤酸化面积逐年增大,酸化程度逐渐加深,其对土壤-作物系统中重金属元素的活动影响尚不明确。本文基于金衢盆地典型地区264组根系土壤-稻米样品分析数据,开展土壤、作物的重金属含量特征及其影响因素的研究,重点讨论了土壤pH对作物吸收重金属的影响。结果表明：①264件土壤中多数重金属元素的变异系数大于0.5,As、Cd、Cr、Cu、Ni和Zn元素之间呈显著正相关（P<0.01）。土壤Cd超标样品23件,超标率为8.7%;As、Cr、Cu、Hg、Ni、Pb和Zn超标样品均未超过2件。②稻米中Cu、Zn与Cd含量呈显著正相关,Cd的富集系数（BCF）高于植物营养元素Cu、Zn。③稻米中Zn和Cu在P<0.1水平上与pH值呈显著正相关。Cd、Cr、Hg的BCF与pH值之间存在一定的负相关性。研究认为,适当调低土壤的酸碱度会削减土壤中Cd、Hg等重金属元素的活性,从而减少农作物对重金属的吸收转运。研究结果可为当地粮食安全生产决策提供科学数据,为土地管护提供参考依据。     

Identifying urban–rural differences in social vulnerability to natural hazards: a case study of China

Identifying and analyzing the urban–rural differences of social vulnerability to natural hazards is imperative to ensure that urbanization develops in a way that lessens the impacts of disasters and generate building resilient livelihoods in China. Using data from the 2000 and 2010 population censuses, this study conducted an assessment of the social vulnerability index (SVI) by applying the projection pursuit cluster model. The temporal and spatial changes of social vulnerability in urban and rural areas were then examined during China’s rapid urbanization period. An index of urban–rural differences in social vulnerability (SVI_D) was derived, and the global and local Moran’s I of the SVI_D were calculated to assess the spatial variation and association between the urban and rural SVI. In order to fully determine the impacts of urbanization in relation to social vulnerability, a spatial autoregressive model and Bivariate Moran’s I between urbanization and SVI were both calculated. The urban and rural SVI both displayed a steadily decreasing trend from 2000 to 2010, although the urban SVI was always larger than the rural SVI in the same year. In 17.5% of the prefectures, the rural SVI was larger than the urban SVI in 2000, but was smaller than the urban SVI in 2010. About 12.6% of the urban areas in the prefectures became less vulnerable than rural areas over the study period, while in more than 51.73% of the prefectures the urban–rural SVI gap decreased over the same period. The SVI_D values in all prefectures had a significantly positive spatial autocorrelation and spatial clusters were apparent. Over time, social vulnerability to natural hazards at the prefecture-level displayed a gathering–scattering pattern across China. Though a regional variation of social vulnerability developed during China’s rapid urbanization, the overall trend was for a steady reduction in social vulnerability in both urban and rural areas.