我国城市规划中气候信息应用回顾与展望

城市规划中气候信息的应用经历了从早期的风玫瑰图利用到考虑风、温、湿、压等要素的气候适宜性分析以及目前关注城市通风环境、热环境以及污染敏感区的城市环境气候图技术的历程。气候信息获得的途径也从数量极为有限的基本气象观测站资料到空间加密的自动气象站资料、更精细的气象数值模式以及精细化地理信息技术的应用。同时,细化的技术导则和规范的建立以及不同行业间的联合发文有力推动了气候信息的实际应用。此外,研究展示了近年开展的伊犁、深圳、北京实际案例主要内容。最后,针对未来我国将根据大气环流特征和生态环境承载能力、走优化城镇空间布局和城镇规模结构的新型城镇化道路,从工作层面和技术层面给出了需要不断完善并深入研究的几个重点。     

Measurement of radon exhalation rate in various building materials and soil samples

Indoor radon is considered as one of the potential dangerous radioactive elements. Common building materials and soil are the major source of this radon gas in the indoor environment. In the present study, the measurement of radon exhalation rate in the soil and building material samples of Una and Hamirpur districts of Himachal Pradesh has been done with solid state alpha track detectors, LR-115 type-II plastic track detectors. The radon exhalation rate for the soil samples varies from 39.1 to 91.2 mBq kg^?1 h^?1 with a mean value 59.7 mBq kg^?1 h^?1. Also the radium concentration of the studied area is found and it varies from 30.6 to 51.9 Bq kg^?1 with a mean value 41.6 Bq kg^?1. The exhalation rate for the building material samples varies from 40.72 (sandstone) to 81.40 mBq kg^?1 h^?1 (granite) with a mean value of 59.94 mBq kg^?1 h^?1.     

盾构施工对大型立交桥超长桩工作性状的影响

盾构近距离穿越大型立交桥超长桩基础会对桩基础及上部桥梁结构产生不利影响。通过对盾构近距离侧穿超长桩基础过程进行数值模拟,研究了不同深度处盾构掘进对超长桩承载性状、变形和内力的影响。研究表明：盾构近距侧穿超长桩会导致桩身出现较大变形及内力,且隧道轴线与超长桩处于不同相对位置时会对桩的特性产生不同影响。其他条件不变时,盾构从桩身上部的近距离穿越,将引起桩身最大的横向水平位移;盾构从桩身中部近距离穿越则将引起桩身产生沿盾构掘进方向的最大的水平位移;盾构从桩端附近穿越时将引起桩身产生最大的竖向位移;盾构从桩身中下部穿越时将引起桩身产生最大的附加轴力。桩身侧阻在隧道轴线附近呈“S”型,同时桩身轴力最大值也出现在隧道轴线附近。盾构导致桩身产生纵向和横向变形延伸至桥面高度的变形量相当可观。当盾构穿越高架桥梁基础时应该严格控制桩顶水平位移。     

Numerical simulation of migration–accumulation of oil resources

Numerical simulation of oil migration and accumulation is to describe the history of oil migration and accumulation in basin evolution. It is of great value to the evaluation of oil resources and to the determination of the location and amount of oil deposits. This thesis discusses the characteristics of petroleum geology and permeation fluid mechanics. For the three-dimensional problems of Dongying hollow of Shengli Petroleum Oil Field, it puts forward a new model and a kind of modified method of upwind finite difference fractional steps implicit interactive scheme. For the famous hydraulic experiment of secondary migration–accumulation, the numerical simulation test has been done, and both the computational and experimental results are basically identical. For the actual problem of Dongying hollow, the numerical simulation test and the actual conditions are basically coincident. Thus, the well-known problem has been solved.     

Oxidation of the Kaapvaal lithospheric mantle driven by metasomatism

The oxidation state, reflected in the oxygen fugacity (fO₂), of the subcratonic lithospheric mantle is laterally and vertically heterogeneous. In the garnet stability field, the Kaapvaal lithospheric mantle becomes progressively more reducing with increasing depth from Δlog fO₂ FMQ-2 at 110 km to FMQ-4 at 210 km. Oxidation accompanying metasomatism has obscured this crystal-chemical controlled depth-fO₂ trend in the mantle beneath Kimberley, South Africa. Chondrite normalized REE patterns for garnets, preserve evidence of a range in metasomatic enrichment from mild metasomatism in harzburgites to extensive metasomatism by LREE-enriched fluids and melts with fairly unfractionated LREE/HREE ratios in phlogopite-bearing lherzolites. The metasomatized xenoliths record redox conditions extending up to Δlog fO₂ = FMQ, sufficiently oxidized that magnesite would be the stable host of carbon in the most metasomatized samples. The most oxidized lherzolites, those in or near the carbonate stability field, have the greatest modal abundance of phlogopite and clinopyroxene. Clinopyroxene is modally less abundant or absent in the most reduced peridotite samples. The infiltration of metasomatic fluids/melts into diamondiferous lithospheric mantle beneath the Kaapvaal craton converted reduced, anhydrous harzburgite into variably oxidized phlogopite-bearing lherzolite. Locally, portions of the lithospheric mantle were metasomatized and oxidized to an extent that conversion of diamond into carbonate should have occurred. Electronic supplementary material  The online version of this article (doi:) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users.     

The Decline and Restoration of a Coastal Lagoon (Lake Veere) in the Dutch Delta

The former tidal inlet Lake Veere was turned into a stagnant brackish lake in 1961. Ever since, the system has shown a continuous degradation. The current study shows the monitoring results for the macrozoobenthic communities and the abiotic conditions for the period 1990–2008. This includes the first step to remediation, the restoration of the exchange between the tidal marine Eastern Scheldt and Lake Veere in 2004. A continuous decline in water clearance co-occurring with decreasing macrofauna densities and richness was observed till 2004. Water quality (e.g., secchi depth, nutrient levels, and oxygen conditions) improved significantly after the measure at a higher salinity level with less variation. But the macrofauna densities, biomass, and diversity did not improve yet. First indications of changes in the benthic communities by arrival of new and returning species are however observed and show that restoration at macrofauna level follows the improved abiotic conditions with a delay of several years.     

Eoalpine tectonics of the Eastern Alps: implications from the evolution of monometamorphic Austroalpine units (Schneeberg and Radenthein Complex)

Monometamorphic metasediments of Paleozoic or Mesozoic age constituting Schneeberg and Radenthein Complex experienced coherent deformation and metamorphism during Late Cretaceous times. Both complexes are part of the Eoalpine high-pressure wedge that formed an intracontinental suture and occur between the polymetamorphosed Ötztal–Bundschuh nappe system on top and the Texel–Millstatt Complex below. During Eoalpine orogeny Schneeberg and Radenthein Complexes were south-dipping and they experienced a common tectonometamorphic history from ca. 115 Ma onwards until unroofing of the Tauern Window in Miocene times. This evolution is subdivided into four distinct tectonometamorphic phases. Deformation stage D1 is characterized by WNW-directed shearing at high temperature conditions (550–600°C) and related to the initial exhumation of the high-pressure wedge. D2 and D3 are largely coaxial and evolved during high- to medium-temperature conditions (ca. 450 to ≥550°C). These stages are related to advanced exhumation and associated with large-scale folding of the high-pressure wedge including the Ötztal-Bundschuh nappe system above and the Texel–Millstatt Complex below. For the area west of the Tauern Window, F2/F3 fold interference results in the formation of large-scale sheath-folds in the frontal part of the nappe stack (formerly called “Schlingentektonik” by previous authors). Earlier thrusts were reactivated during Late Cretaceous normal faulting at the base of the Ötztal–Bundschuh nappe system and its cover. Deformation stage D4 is of Oligo-Miocene age and accounted for tilting of individual basement blocks along large-scale strike-slip shear zones. This tilting phase resulted from indentation of the Southern Alps accompanied by the formation of the Tauern Window.     

一种建立局域无缝海图深度基准面的方法

根据海洋测绘中垂直基准构建的需求,提出了一种基于主成分-逐步回归分析的建立局域无缝海图深度基准面的方法。在此基础上,利用中国某海区多个验潮站深度基准面值及分潮调和常数振幅,建立了该海区局域无缝深度基准面值回归方程。实例计算表明,该方法所建立的局域海区无缝海图深度基准面值能够达到厘米级精度,可为海图深度基准面体系的重新构建提供技术支持。     

厦门浔江湾小型底栖生物数量分布及生态意义

本文首次报道 1 998年 5月厦门浔江湾水域 5个测站小型底栖生物调查的初步结果。小型底栖动物的平均密度为 5 9.6 5个 /cm2 ,自由生活的海洋线虫是优势类群 ,占总密度的 89.2 8% ;其次 ,底栖桡足类占 2 .76 % ;其它类群所占比例较少。小型底栖生物的丰度分布为湾口区底 ,湾中部高。文中分析了小型底栖生物具有高类群优势度和低类群多样性特征 ,以及线虫与桡足类的丰度比率与环境的关系 ,提出浔江湾水域环境状况应引起重视。     

四维地震资料处理及其关键

四维地震利用时延三维地震资料的差异来解释地下储层流体的变化，时延地震资料的差异除了受地下储层流体因素的影响外，还受采集和处理因素的影响。为了尽可能的减少或消除由非储层因素所引起的差异，四维地震资料处理总的要求是相对振幅保持处理，高信噪比处理和一致性处理，一致性处理是四维地震资料特有的处理，其一般处理原则是：（１）调查影响四维地震资料非穗生的原因；（２）保持处理流程的一致性；（３）尽量保持相同的偏移