基于多源数据的三维城市建模方法

以天津新港三维城市建模为例,介绍了基于二维数据、DEM和3D模型等多源数据的三维城市建模的方法和关键技术。为有效利用现有数据资源快速、准确建立三维城市模型提供了一种经济、灵活、省时、高效的方法。     

三峡工程运用后坝下游河道泥沙输移变化规律

三峡工程蓄水后"清水"下泄,坝下游河段将会长期处于严重不饱和状态,水流含沙量沿程恢复将会引起坝下游长距离冲刷,本文根据三峡工程蓄水前、后的实测资料分析了坝下游河道泥沙输移变化规律,探索不同粒径组沙量沿程恢复对河床冲刷的影响,得到以下结论:在蓄水初期d≤0.031 mm沙量恢复主要受河床补给与江湖入汇共同的影响,随着水库下泄该粒径组沙量递减,使得各站该粒径组年均输沙量均远小于蓄水前的水平,沙量恢复仍主要受河床补给与江湖入汇的影响,这是造成坝下游河道发生长距离冲刷的主要原因之一;在蓄水初期0.031 mmd≤0.125 mm沙量恢复主要受河床补给的影响,但江湖入汇的影响较大,随着河床补给量逐渐减少,各站该粒径组年均输沙量均小于蓄水前的水平,沙量恢复仍主要受河床补给的影响,江湖入汇的影响逐渐减小,这也是坝下游河道发生长距离冲刷的主要原因之一; d0.125 mm沙量恢复主要受河床补给的影响,蓄水初期该粒径组沙量在宜昌监利河段沿程恢复速率较快,且在监利站达到蓄水前的水平,随着时间推移,在宜昌监利河段沿程恢复且速率仍较快,在监利站达到最大值,其数值逐渐小于蓄水前的水平,这是造成坝下游河道冲刷重点集中在宜昌监利河段的主要原因.     

关于MAPGIS与南方CASS的数据共享技术研究

多源数据格式之间的无损转换是目前不同GIS系统之间数据共享的一个重要问题。本文深入分析了MAPGIS图形格式和南方CASS标准格式的特点,通过开发独立的数据转换接口,实现了两种数据格式之间自动化和智能化转换,保证了数据的完整性和正确性,并以实例论述了数据转换实施的具体过程。     

TRMM-retrieved Cloud Structure and Evolution of MCSs over the Northern South China Sea and Impacts of CAPE and Vertical Wind Shear

Cloud structure and evolution of Mesoscale Convective Systems(MCSs) retrieved from the Tropical Rainfall Measuring Mission Microwave Imager(TRMM TMI) and Precipitation Radar(PR) were investigated and compared with some pioneer studies based on soundings and models over the northern South China Sea(SCS).The impacts of Convective Available Potential Energy(CAPE) and environmental vertical wind shear on MCSs were also explored.The main features of MCSs over the SCS were captured well by both TRMM PR and TMI.However,the PR-retrieved surface rainfall in May was less than that in June,and the reverse for TMI.TRMM-retrieved rainfall amounts were generally consistent with those estimated from sounding and models.However,rainfall amounts from sounding-based and PR-based estimates were relatively higher than those retrieved from TRMM-TMI data.The Weather Research and Forecasting(WRF) modeling simulation underestimated the maximum rain rate by 22% compared to that derived from TRMM-PR,and underestimated mean rainfall by 10.4% compared to the TRMM-TMI estimate,and by 12.5% compared to the sounding-based estimate.The warm microphysical processes modeled from both the WRF and the Goddard Cumulus Ensemble(GCE) models were quite close to those based on TMI,but the ice water contents in the models were relatively less compared to that derived from TMI.The CAPE and wind shear induced by the monsoon circulation were found to play critical roles in maintaining and developing the intense convective clouds over SCS.The latent heating rate increased more than twofold during the monsoon period and provided favorable conditions for the upward transportation of energy from the ocean,giving rise to the possibility of inducing large-scale interactions.     

夯实水泥土桩荷载传递规律的试验研究

针对夯实水泥土桩的施工方法,在桩身埋设特制的应变传感器,测定桩身应变,进而计算桩身轴力,由此得出桩侧摩阻力,在此基础上分析夯实水泥土桩荷载传递规律及侧摩阻力的分布特征。结果表明,由于夯实水泥土桩体强度的限制,荷载沿桩身的传递限定在浅层一定范围内,桩身变形、轴向荷载、桩侧摩阻力分布主要发生在此范围内,而且变化梯度较大。     

囊谦古近纪盆地砂岩地球化学特征及其对物源和沉积环境的指示作用

砂岩地球化学特征对物质来源、古气候和沉积环境具有十分重要的示踪和指示作用。通过分析砂岩的微量元素和稀土元素含量的变化,研究了囊谦盆地沉积环境、古气候及物源特征。结果表明:囊谦古近纪盆地的古环境为气候干旱炎热、氧化环境;微量元素中的深源元素低于地壳粘土岩中的平均值,说明物源为陆源物质,而陆源元素则与地壳粘土岩中的平均值相当,反映沉积速度快;砂岩的REE北美页岩和球粒陨石标准化配分模式表现出轻稀土元素富集、重稀土元素亏损但变化平缓,反映典型的沉积成因特征;Th/Sc、Th/U、La/Th元素比值和La/Sc-Co/Th、Th-Hf-Co、La/Yb-∑REE以及砂岩函数判别图解显示囊谦古近纪盆地碎屑岩物源具有多样性,主要来自于上地壳长英质源区,源岩可能为沉积岩、酸性火山岩和拉斑玄武岩的混合。     

江西赣县大埠钨多金属矿田成岩成矿时空结构与找矿预测

大埠矿田位于南岭成矿带东段,是于都-赣县钨多金属矿集区重要组成,区内已发现钨多金属矿床（点）五十余处,矿床类型包括石英脉型、矽卡岩型、云英岩型和细脉浸染型等,各类矿化主要围绕大埠复式花岗岩体产出。然而,大埠矿田岩浆作用具有明显的多期次、多阶段的特点,各期次成岩成矿时代尚缺乏系统研究,各类岩浆岩与矿化关系争议较大。文章在岩体地质和矿床地质调查基础上,通过LA-(MC)-ICP-MS锆石U-Pb定年、锆石微量元素和Hf同位素分析,精确厘定了大埠花岗岩的成岩时代,探讨了多期次岩浆活动对区内成矿作用的贡献。锆石U-Pb定年结果分别为(429.1±4.7)Ma、(430.0±5.8) Ma、(431.8±4.7) Ma和(158.3±4.1) Ma,结合岩体地质填图信息,笔者认为大埠复式花岗岩基由加里东期和燕山期两部分组成。两期花岗岩均属于高钾钙碱性、过铝质S型花岗岩系列,两者均出现Eu负异常,燕山早期Eu负异常更明显。两期岩体锆石的ε_Hf(t)值分别为-6.3~-1.3与-11.4~-7.1,对应二阶段模式年龄为1.49~1.82 Ga与1.66~1.93 Ga,指示其母岩浆为中元古代的地壳部分熔融形成。锆石微量元素特征显示,两期花岗岩均为陆壳源区、具有相近的结晶温度,燕山早期花岗岩相对于加里东期有更高的结晶分异程度,有更高的氟含量,与钨成矿具有更强的相关性。大埠矿田钨多金属成矿时代集中在159~155 Ma,紧随燕山早期花岗质岩浆侵位而形成。基于大埠矿田成岩成矿时代格架研究,结合花岗岩成矿专属性和成矿地质条件分析,构建了区内钨多金属矿勘查模型,指明了大埠矿田细脉浸染型、云英岩型、内带石英脉型钨矿的找矿方向,预测大埠岩体东北部的燕山早期隐伏岩体具有寻找“合龙式”石英大脉型和细脉-云英岩型钨矿的潜力。     

应用实时定量PCR技术检测秦皇岛近岸海域褐潮原因种——抑食金球藻(Aureococcus anophagefferens)

Aureococcus anophagefferens, a small pelagophyte algae, has caused brown tide blooms in coastal waters of Qinhuangdao in recent years, presenting significant negative impacts on the shellfish mariculture industry. Under standard light microscopy, it is visually indistinguishable from other small algae in field samples due to its extremely small size. In this study, quantitative polymerase chain reaction(q PCR) based on 18 S r DNA sequences was developed and used to detect and enumerate A. anophagefferens. A linear regression(R2 = 0.91) was generated based on cycle thresholds value(Ct) versus known concentrations of A. anophagefferens. Twenty-two field samples collected in coastal waters of Qinhuangdao were subjected to DNA extraction and then analyzed using q PCR. Results showed that A. anophagefferens had a wide distribution in coastal waters along Qinhuangdao. Elevated A. anophagefferens abundance, category 3 brown tide blooms(200 000 cells/m L) occurred at Dongshan Beach and Tiger-stone Beach in August in 2013. In shellfish mariculture areas along coastal waters of Qinhuangdao, 4 stations had category 3 blooms, and 6 stations had category 2 blooms(35 000–200 000 cells/m L) in August and all stations had category 1 blooms(0 to ≤35 000 cells/m L) in October. Quantitative PCR allows for detection of A. anophagefferens cells at low levels in filed samples, which is essential to effective management and prediction of brown tide blooms.     

亚洲季风降水的多模式模拟结果分析

利用参加政府间气候变化委员会(IPCC)第四次评估报告(AR4)的多个大气模式(包括中国科学院大气物理研究所大气科学和地球流体力学数值模拟国家重点实验室新发展的全球格点大气模式GAMIL)的AMIP-II(大气模式比较计划-II)积分的集合平均结果(MMEA),研究了当前大气模式对亚洲季风降水的平均模拟能力,同时也评估了GAMIL的模拟水平。对多年平均冬夏季降水的模拟研究发现:MMEA和GAMIL对冬季降水的模拟好于夏季。与以往的结果相比,MMEA对夏季印度洋和西太平洋地区降水的模拟改进不明显;部分模式能够模拟出夏季东亚副热带地区从中国东海到中太平洋的带状梅雨降水,但大部分模式的模拟强度还不够。可以看出GAMIL除了冬季印度洋和夏季菲律宾模拟的降水稍弱外,与MMEA的结果很接近。降水场的误差与环流场的误差对应。此外,作者还研究了降水的年际变化和季风爆发撤退过程的模拟能力。MMEA与观测在印度季风区降水的相关系数不如在东亚热带和东亚副热带季风区的好。各模式冬季的相关系数一般好于夏季,特别是东亚热带季风区冬季的相关系数普遍较高,而印度季风区夏季的相关系数普遍较低。MMEA对标准差的模拟并不总比单个模式的好。各个模式对东亚热带季风区冬季的降水距平同号率和降水距平百分率模拟得最好。季风爆发、撤退时降水推移的模拟也还有待于进一步提高。     

基于不同雨型的裴河小流域山洪灾害临界雨量分析

临界雨量是山洪灾害预警的重要指标,为分析小流域雨型对临界雨量的影响,首先对流域降雨过程按照雨峰出现位置的不同进行归类和划分,定性分析流域常出现的各种典型雨型;在此基础上,采用PilgrimCordery法定量确定流域各种典型雨型的时程分配,并通过试算法计算其相应的临界雨量;利用流域近期发生的成灾洪水,采用临界雨量偏离度指标进一步分析论证雨型对临界雨量的影响。以河南省新县裴河典型小流域为实例进行应用研究,结果表明:设计雨型不能完全代表该流域的降雨类型,其属于雨峰偏后式雨型,由此确定的临界雨量与该流域常出现的雨峰偏前式雨型临界雨量相差33%,与多峰雨型临界雨量差异较大,相差43%。实时预警时,根据实时雨型类型,采用相应的临界雨量,可以提高山洪灾害预警预报水平。