华中地区历史物候记录与1850-2008年的气温变化重建

根据历史日记中的华中地区春季植物物候、清代档案中的湖南4地降雪日数记载和区内5个树轮宽度年表,以及植物物候期、雪日观测记录等代用资料;以器测的华中整个地区的逐年气温距平为校准序列,采用逐步回归方法,结合逐一剔除法验证和方差匹配技术,重建了1850-2008年华中地区年均气温变化序列。结果表明:1自1850年以来,华中地区气温变化以年际至年代尺度波动为主要特征;但至1990年以后则迅速增暖,并超出了原有的年代际波动水平;而1920s中期至1940s中期的温暖尽管也持续了20年,但其温暖程度显著低于1990s-2000s。其间,最寒冷年代则分别出现在1860s、1890s及1950s,最寒冷的年份为1893年。2华中地区1850年以来的气温年代际波动周期为10~20年和准35年,其中1920s以前主要为12~14年,但自1940s开始则转为18~20年以及准35年。     

鄱阳湖水域和洲滩围垦后土壤的真菌多样性

于2011年5月,以鄱阳湖围垦38 a的水域和洲滩为研究区,采集水稻田、菜地、鱼塘和荒地的0~20 cm深度的土壤样品,对其理化因子进行测定,采用变性梯度凝胶电泳(DGGE)方法,对其真菌群落结构进行分析;运用典范对应分析,研究不同土地利用方式下表层土壤真菌群落的主要影响因子。结果表明,各土地利用方式下,土壤容重、含水量、p H、总有机碳含量、全氮含量、硝态氮含量和真菌生物量存在显著差异,鱼塘底泥中的真菌生物量最高,其次是荒地和菜地,水稻田土壤的真菌生物量最低;DGGE图谱结果显示,真菌群落结构也存在明显的差异,荒地与其他采样地差异明显,水稻田土壤和鱼塘底泥的真菌群落结构最为相似;相关性分析结果显示,除全磷含量以外,所测定的其他土壤理化因子和真菌生物量都显著影响真菌群落结构变化,其中起决定作用的理化因子为含水量、总有机碳含量和土壤容重。土地利用方式的改变造成土壤理化性质的改变,从而间接影响土壤真菌群落结构与活性。     

热带海水温度多时间尺度变化特征分析

利用高时间分辨率热带海洋浮标站点观测资料,分析热带区域海水温度多时间尺度变化特征,研究海水温度的日变化、季节变化和季节内变化。结果表明:热带海表面温度(Sea Surface Temperature,SST)具有不对称性的日变化特征。SST日较差与天气状况关系密切。有降水日的SST日平均值和幅度均低于无降水日,其不对称性具有区域性差异。在不同ENSO位相年份下的SST日平均值和振幅变化具有区域性,太平洋西部(Western Pacific,WP)的平均值和振幅差距较小,太平洋东部(Eastern Pacific,EP)和印度洋(Indian Ocean,IO)区域在El Niňo年的日平均值和振幅均大于La Niňa年。SST随季节变化具有区域性特征,WP区域SST的日平均温度和振幅在秋季最大,冬季最小;而EP和IO区域的日平均温度和振幅在春季最大,夏季最小。且SST日变化幅度随季节变化显著,主要受太阳短波辐射、降水和风速随季节变化的调制。此外,在季节内振荡时间尺度上,海水温度在200 m深度内随时间呈周期性变化,海水温度出现最大变率的中心位于100～150 m的深度范围内。不同区域由于温跃层深度不同,最大变率位置也有所差别。对海水温度变化特征分析可以为海—气耦合模式提供观测依据,以便准确地评估模式对海水温度的模拟效果。     

浙江中部芙蓉山花岗斑岩及包体岩石地球化学研究

花岗岩的源区、温压条件及与其他岩石的共生组合的研究可以限定其形成构造背景,了解其形成的深部动力学过程.本文对浙江中部中生代芙蓉山花岗斑岩及其暗色包体开展了全岩主微量元素、锆石U-Pb年代学和Hf同位素、Ti温度计和全岩Sr—Nd同位素研究,探讨芙蓉山花岗斑岩的成因类型、源区特征及其与镁铁质包体之间的关系,并进一步限定其...     

The Depiction of Coronal Structure in White-Light Images

The very steep decrease in density with heliocentric distance makes imaging of coronal density structures out to a few solar radii challenging. The radial gradient in brightness can be reduced using numerous image processing techniques, thus quantitative data are manipulated to provide qualitative images. We introduce a new normalizing-radial-graded filter (NRGF): a simple filter for removing the radial gradient to reveal coronal structure. Applied to polarized brightness observations of the corona, the NRGF produces images which are striking in their detail. Total-brightness, white-light images include contributions from the F corona, stray light, and other instrumental contributions which need to be removed as effectively as possible to properly reveal the electron corona structure. A new procedure for subtracting this background from LASCO C2 white-light, total-brightness images is introduced. The background is created from the unpolarized component of total-brightness images and is found to be remarkably time-invariant, remaining virtually unchanged over the solar cycle. By direct comparison with polarized-brightness data, we show that the new background-subtracting procedure is superior in depicting coronal structure accurately, particularly when used in conjunction with the NRGF. The effectiveness of the procedures is demonstrated on a series of LASCO C2 observations of a coronal mass ejection (CME).     

Geological evolution of the Ishpeming Greenstone Belt,Michigan, U.S.A.

The Ishpeming Greenstone Belt is an Archean belt in the southern part of the Canadian Shield in the Upper Peninsula of Michigan, U.S.A. Two volcanic cycles are preserved in it. The oldest formation, and basal to the first cycle (the Kitchi Schist), consists of mafic metavolcanics, has a major serpentinized ultramafic body near its base, and grades upward to a coarse felsic volcanic breccia at the top of the cycle. This unit in turn is overlain by a sequence of mafic flows that grades upward to interbedded mafic flows and exhalites of the Mona Schist. This sequence has been intruded by the Dead River Pluton.The Ishpeming Greenstone Belt probably represents the keel of a previously much more extensive Greenstone Belt.Gold mineralization occurs associated with mafic basaltic volcanic rocks and serpentinized ultramafics low in the succession, and with carbonate-rich quartz-chlorite-sericite schists and exhalites higher in the sequence. No mineral deposits are now being exploited here.     

Intertidal macroalgae and macroinvertebrates: Seasonal and spatial abundance patterns along an estuarine gradient

Quantitative sampling of the dominant intertidal epibiota was conducted seasonally along an estuarine gradient within the Great Bay Estuary System, New Hampshire, U.S.A. The abundance and zonation of the dominant macroorganisms varied with distance into the estuary. Replacement of marine by estuarine species occurred, and overall abundance and species richness decreased along the estuarine gradient. Zonation patterns within the inner estuary were primarily allied with substrata. Maximum abundance of invertebrates occurred in the mid-intertidal zone where a dense fucoid canopy provided habitat heterogeneity. Densities of epibiotic organisms decreased toward low water, especially in the inner estuary where hard substratum was limiting. Settlement blocks, introduced into the low intertidal zone, were dominated by barnacles and fucoid algae; after 16 months, the species composition on the settlement blocks resembled the adjacent community. Semibalanus balanoides settled in the spring, while Fucus vesiculosus var. spiralis exhibited low but constant settlement. Despite the physical rigors of the estuarine environment, only Semibalanus balanoides, Ilyanassa obsoleta and Spartina alterniflora showed significant seasonal changes in density. Thus, there are predictable and persistent epibiotic species assemblages within the intertidal zone of the Great Bay Estuary System.     

VIEWS OF THE AAG: RESULTS OF THE LONG RANGE PLANNING MEMBERSHIP SURVEY

In this issue THE PROFESSIONAL GEOGRAPHER presents the first two reports in a series on the Association's long-range planning process, which was described by Past President Marcus in May. David Morgan outlines here the results of a survey of members' attitudes on a number of important questions.