Vertical structures of PM10 and PM 2.5 and their dynamical character in low atmosphere in Beijing urban areas

The vertical structures and their dynamical character of PM2.5 and PM10 over Beijing urban areas are revealed using the 1 min mean continuous mass concentration data of PM2.5 and PM10 at 8, 100, and 320 m heights of the meteorological observation tower of 325 m at Institute of Atmospheric Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences (IAP CAS tower hereafter) on 10―26 August, 2003, as well as the daily mean mass concentration data of PM2.5 and PM10 and the continuous data of CO and NO2 at 8, 100 (low layer), 200 (middle layer), and 320 m (high layer) heights, in combination with the same period meteorological field observation data of the meteorological tower. The vertical distributions of aerosols observed on IAP CAS tower in Beijing can be roughly divided into two patterns: gradually and rapidly decreasing patterns, I.e. The vertical distribution of aerosols in calm weather or on pollution day belongs to the gradually decreasing pattern, while one on clean day or weak cold air day belongs to the rapidly decreasing pattern. The vertical distributive characters of aerosols were closely related with the dynamical/thermal structure and turbulence character of the atmosphere boundary layer. On the clean day, the low layer PM2.5 and PM10 concentrations were close to those at 8 m height, while the concentrations rapidly decreased at the high layer, and their values were only one half of those at 8 m, especially, the concentration of PM2.5 dropped even more. On the clean day, there existed stronger turbulence below 150 m, aerosols were well mixed, but blocked by the more stronger inversion layer aloft, and meanwhile, at various heights, especially in the high layer, the horizontal wind speed was larger, resulting in the rapid decrease of aerosol concentration, I.e. Resulting in the obvious vertical difference of aerosol concentrations between the low and high layers. On the pollution day, the concentrations of PM2.5 and PM10 at the low, middle, and high layers dropped successively by, on average, about 10% for each layer in comparison with those at 8 m height. On pollution days, in company with the low wind speed, there existed two shallow inversion layers in the boundary layer, but aerosols might be, to some extent, mixed below the inversion layer, therefore, on the pollution day the concentrations of PM2.5 and PM10 dropped with height slowly; and the observational results also show that the concentrations at 320 m height were obviously high under SW and SE winds, but at other heights, the concentrations were not correlated with wind directions. The computational results of footprint analysis suggest that this was due to the fact that the 320 m height was impacted by the pollutants transfer of southerly flow from the southern peripheral heavier polluted areas, such as Baoding, and Shijiazhuang of Hebei Province, Tianjin, and Shandong Province, etc., while the low layer was only affected by Beijing's local pollution source. The computational results of power spectra and periods preliminarily reveal that under the condition of calm weather, the periods of PM10 concentration at various heights of the tower were on the order of minutes, while in cases of larger wind speed, the concentrations of PM2.5 and PM10 at 320 m height not only had the short periods of minute-order, but also the longer periods of hour order. Consistent with the conclusion previously drawn by Ding et al., that air pollutants at different heights and at different sites in Beijing had the character of "in-phase" variation, was also observed for the diurnal variation and mean diurnal variation of PM2.5 and PM10 at various heights of the tower in this experiment, again confirming the "in-phase" temporal/spatial distributive character of air pollutants in the urban canopy of Beijing. The gentle double-peak character of the mean diurnal variation of PM2.5 and PM10 was closely related with the evident/similar diurnal variation of turbulent momentum fluxes, sensible heat fluxes, and turbulent kinetic energy at various heights in the urban canopy. Besides, under the condition of calm weather, the concentration of PM2.5 and PM10 declined with height slowly, it was 90% of 8 m concentration at the low layer, a little lesser than 90% at the middle layer, and 80% at the high layer, respectively. Under the condition of weak cold air weather, the concentration remarkably dropped with height, it was 70% of 8 m concentration at the low layer, and 20%―30% at the middle and high layers, especially the concentration of PM2.5 was even lower.     

Bottom water temperature measurements in the South China Sea,eastern Indian Ocean and western Pacific Ocean

文章报道了一批新的海底底水温度(BWT)数据,其中南海(SCS)158个站位、东印度洋(EIO)30个站位及西太平洋(WPO)37个站位。基于这批新的BWT数据,获得南海和西太平洋海域底水温度与水深经验关系,可为地球物理和物理海洋提供准确、可靠的海底温度边界。这将有助于海底油气资源调查与评估。同时,这批实测数据表明:1)水深超过3500m的海域,其底水温度在南海约为2.47℃,比东印度洋(～1.34℃)和西太平洋(～1.60℃)稍微偏高。这与大洋传送带模式所预测的情况比较吻合。该模式认为:低温高盐的海水,从北大西洋格陵兰岛和冰岛附近海域下沉到深层,然后向南流动,再与南极洲周围海域的低温高盐海水一同向北进入印度洋和太平洋。而南海是一个相对比较封闭的热带边缘海,其内部海水与印度洋和菲律宾海交换有限,导致海水温度整体高于印度洋和太平洋。2)台西南盆地水深在2700～3000m的部分站位,其底水温高达约3.00℃,明显高于其周边同水深海域底水温度(平均值约为2.33℃)。这可能是台西南盆地海底水热活动导致的结果。3)在东印度洋和西太平洋水深超过4800m海域,底水温度随着水压增大稍有升高,其升高率分别为10.6mK·MPa~(-1)和12.0mK·MPa~(-1)。这与理论估算的深层底水绝热压力温度梯度范围较为吻合。这也意味着东印度洋和西太平洋深层底水,主要由绝热自压作用导致其温度随着深度的增大而升高。     

川东北地区海相烃源岩中单质硫的定性与定量分析

利用定性与定量分析手段,研究了川东北地区各类海相烃源岩中的单质硫及其地球化学特征。定性分析表明,该区海相烃源岩中的单质硫具有八硫环状结构和六硫状环结构两种晶体构型,由S8和S6两种同素异形体组成,其中S8具有相对较高的丰度。定量分析表明,该区海相烃源岩中的单质硫含量为0.91×10-6～375.88×10-6,具有很宽的分布范围,并且随着烃源岩分布区域、地层时代以及岩性的不同而发生明显变化,表现出强烈的非均质性分布特征。该区海相烃源岩中单质硫含量与有机碳含量之间存在正相关关系,说明单质硫主要发育在富有机质沉积的层段中。通过单质硫含量与总硫含量对比分析,间接证明了川东北地区各类海相烃源岩中赋存有丰富的有机含硫化合物。     

海藻酸钠/聚砜复合纳滤膜的研究

应用海藻酸钠作为表面活性层材料,以戊二醛为交联剂,以聚砜超滤膜为支撑层,制备了1种新型荷负电纳滤膜。研究了复合纳滤膜的制备影响因素及操作条件对膜性能的影响,结果表明当海藻酸钠的浓度为2.0%,戊二醛溶液的浓度为0.9%,30℃下交联4 h条件下制备的复合膜的膜性能(截留率)最好。实验结果表明:对1 000 mg.L-1的Na2SO4,MgSO4,NaCl和MgCl2盐溶液的截留率分别为87.2%,21.5%,32.0%,12.2%,通量依次为30.6,35.2,33.5,22.4 L.h-1.m-2。     

Near-surface structure and energy characteristics of the Antarctic Circumpolar Current

Historical surface drifter observations collected from the Southern Ocean are used to study the near-surface structure, variability, and energy characteristics of the Antarctic Circumpolar Current （ACC）. A strong, nearly zonal ACC combined with complex fronts dominates the circulation system in the Southern Ocean. Standard variance ellipses indicate that both the Agulhas Return Current and the East Australian Warm Current are stable supplements of the near-surface ACC, and that the anticyclonic gyre formed by the Brazil warm current and the Malvinas cold current is stable throughout the year. During austral winter, the current velocity increases because of the enhanced westerly wind. Aroused by the meridional motion of the ACC, the meridional velocity shows greater instability characteristics than the zonal velocity does over the core current. Additionally, the ACC exhibits an eastward declining trend in the core current velocity from southern Africa. The characteristics of the ACC are also argued from the perspective of energy. The energy distribution suggests that the mean kinetic energy （MKE）, eddy kinetic energy （EKE）, and are strong over the core currents of the ACC. However, in contrast, EKE/MKE suggests there is much less （more） eddy dissipation in regions with strong （weak） energy distribution. Both meridional and zonal energy variations are studied to illustrate additional details of the ACC energy characteristics. Generally, all the energy forms except EKE/MKE present west-east reducing trends, which coincide with the velocity statistics. Eddy dissipation has a much greater effect on MKE in the northern part of the Southern Ocean.     

基于GPRS的监控软件和网站的设计与实现

针对野外恶劣自然环境条件制约冻土温度现场采集和远程监控的问题,本文设计和开发基于通用分组无线业务(GPRS)的冻土实时监控软件和监控中心网站。冻土远程实时监控软件实现野外冻土温度数据的自动采集、实时显示、数据存储和远程控制等功能,降低数据采集的成本,提高数据采集的效率,已经成功应用于野外现场监控。配套开发的监控中心网站将冻土温度数据发布至Internet网络,解决冻土数据共享问题,扩大冻土温度监控的范围,实现多用户的实时数据远程监控。     

北京市房地产价格空间分布变化研究

针对北京市主城区房地产价格长区间的空间分布变化及其成因进行研究,为北京市房价的空间分布规律提供参考.采用空间相关性分析方法中的平均最近邻分析、全局Moran'sI指数、Moran散点图和LISA集聚图等分析工具结合空间自相关理论对北京市主城区房地产价格的空间分布变化进行分析,通过克里金插值分析方法验证房价的空间特征,分析空间分布的变化及其成因.得出北京市主城区房地产价格20152019年,空间集聚特征不变,正向空间自相关增强,价格中心由单中心变为中心—副中心的多中心形式,区位因素和交通可达性条件是影响房价空间分布变化的重要因素.     

Impact of sampling intervals on the reliability of topographic variables mapped from grid DEMs at a micro-scale

This paper explores the quantitative relation between the reliability of slope aspect, gradient, and form mapped from a gridded DEM and the sampling interval (SI) of elevations. Grid DEMs initially interpolated from digitised contours at 10 m were sampled to five other resolution levels. The topographic variables mapped at these SIs were compared with those at 10 m. It is found that the reliability of mapped slope aspect and form is not significantly affected by SI. By comparison, the reliability of slope gradient is more susceptible to SI, especially if it is derived from a gently rolling terrain. Around 90% of the variation in the mapped slope aspect and gradient are accounted for by the inaccuracy of DEMs. A lower percentage exists for slope form. The stability of the mapped topographic variables can be reliably predicted from SI and terrain complexity.     

太平洋海温异常对大理雨季开始期的影响

采用大理州雨季开始期资料、1961年6月~2008年5月太平洋5°×5°共286个格点的逐月平均海温资料及NCEP/NCAR的SSTA资料,通过相关分析发现,太平洋海温与大理雨季开始期的关系密切,春季和上年秋季太平洋海温对大理雨季开始的影响较大。雨季开始前若发生厄尔尼诺事件,大理雨季开始期偏晚,反之,若发生拉尼娜事件,大理雨季开始期偏早。N ino3区的海温异常对大理雨季开始期的影响相当明显,当5月N ino3区的海温异常偏高时,大理雨季开始期偏晚;反之,当5月N ino3区的海温异常偏低时,大理雨季开始期偏早,N ino3区海温异常可以作为大理雨季开始期预测的一个强信号因子。