Temporal changes in the vertical distribution of flow and chloride in deep wells

The combination of flowmeter and depth-dependent water-quality data was used to evaluate the quantity and source of high-chloride water yielded from different depths to eight production wells in the Pleasant Valley area of southern California. The wells were screened from 117 to 437 m below land surface, and in most cases, flow from the aquifer into the wells was not uniformly distributed throughout the well screen. Wells having as little as 6 m of screen in the overlying upper aquifer system yielded as much as 50% of their water from the upper system during drought periods, while the deeper parts of the well screens yielded 15% or less of the total yield of the wells. Mixing of water within wells during pumping degraded higher-quality water with poorer-quality water from deeper depths, and in some cases with poorer-quality water from the overlying upper aquifer system. Changes in the mixture of water within a well, resulting from changes in the distribution of flow into the well, changed the quality of water from the surface discharge of wells over time. The combination of flowmeter and depth-dependent water quality data yielded information about sources of high-chloride water to wells that was not available on the basis of samples collected from nearby observation wells. Changing well design to eliminate small quantities of poor-quality water from deeper parts of the well may improve the quality of water from some wells without greatly reducing well yield.     

Impact of offsite sediment transport and toxicity on remediation of a contaminated estuarine bay

Sediment of Ostrich Bay, an arm of Dyes Inlet on Puget Sound, was historically contaminated with ordnance compounds from an onshore US Navy facility. An initial recommendation for a sediment cover to mitigate benthic risks was followed by studies of sediment transport and deposition to determine whether contaminated sediment from Dyes Inlet or other offsite sources in Puget Sound may contribute to Ostrich Bay impacts. A Sediment Trend Analysis (STA) identified net sediment transport pathways throughout the bay and inlet by examining changes in grain size distributions in multiple adjacent samples. Results indicated that fine-grained sedimentary material transports into and deposits throughout the Dyes Inlet system, with no erosion or transport out of Ostrich Bay. Echinoderm larvae mortality bioassay results were elevated in fine-grained sediments of both Ostrich Bay and Dyes Inlet. Ordnance compounds were undetected, and although sediment mercury concentrations were elevated at 0.48-1.4 mg/kg in both waterbodies, the relationship with toxicity was weak. Results of the studies and sedimentation modeling indicate that impacted sedimentary material deposits throughout the Dyes Inlet/Ostrich Bay system from unknown sources and will prevent natural recovery of Ostrich Bay as well as negate long-term effectiveness of active remedial measures. Stakeholders have recognized that remediation of the bay can be achieved only after the toxicity of depositing sediment decreases.     

日本的人工地震探测研究进展

介绍了20世纪80年代以来日本开展人工地震探测研究的进展，以及在研究大地构造、地壳深部结构、地球动力学、深浅构造关系、大震震源区细结构等方面取得的重要成果。     

巴哈马的阿巴科岛外声学传播时间和动态高度偏差现象间的关系

倒置回声测深仪（ＩＥＳ＇Ｓ）是用来测量ＩＥＳ到海表面环行声学传播时间。推荐这些相当谦价的海底安装的仪器是为了以下几个目的：ａ．长期监测特殊站点的动力变化（如热容量、温跃层、动力高度偏差等）；ｂ．卫星高度计的公海标准，ｃ．研究近岸验潮仪和近海验潮仪之间不同的海平面信号。为测量海平面的变化，特别是厘米级精确度的变化，必须获得传输时间和动态高度偏差之间的精确关系。假设在动态高度偏差和传播时间之间有不变的