强震短期前兆异常特征物理分析和解释的研究进展

总结了“十五” 国家科技攻关项目强震短期前兆异常特征的物理分析和解释方面的研究成果, 并将主要进展归纳为4个方面, 即: 通过大量台网数据的扫描处理和震例研究, 分析了地电、 地形变、 地下流体强震短期前兆的典型特征; 提出了典型短期前兆特征依托的实验基础和理论依据, 进行了数值模拟和理论解释; 通过数值模拟方法, 探讨了短期地震活动性图像特征和强余震触发机理; 总结了大陆强地震的卫星热红外异常演化过程, 提出了活动断裂带内、 外温度和地表温度场提取的技术方法。     

The impact of legislation on the usage and environmental concentrations of Irgarol 1051 in UK coastal waters

In 2001, legislative measures were introduced in the UK to restrict usage of antifouling agents in small (<25 m) vessel paints to dichlofluanid, zinc pyrithione and zineb. This removed the previously popular booster biocides diuron and Irgarol 1051 from the market. To investigate the impact of this legislation, water samples were taken from locations where previous biocide levels were well documented. Results from analyses demonstrate a clear reduction in water concentrations of Irgarol 1051 (between 10% and 55% of that found during pre-restriction studies), indicating that legislation appears to have been effective. Although other booster biocides were screened for (chlorothalonil, dichlofluanid and Sea-Nine 211), they were below the limits of detection (<1 ng/l) in all samples. A survey of chandlers and discussions with legislative authorities supports these results and concurs the removal of Irgarol 1051 based paints from the market using simple regulations at a manufacturer level with little regulation at a retailer level.     

Food web analysis in two permanently open temperate estuaries: consequences of saltmarsh loss?

Saltmarsh vegetation, seston and microphytobenthos are all conspicuous components of most temperate estuaries and they potentially contribute to the estuarine food chain. Yet their relative contributions are unclear, as is the significance of saltmarsh losses through natural and human-induced impacts. This study aimed to quantitatively determine the contribution of various types of primary producers to detritus in the Walpole-Nornalup Estuary and Leschenault Inlet, two permanently open estuaries in SW Australia, and, estimate the flow of different types of detritus to higher trophic levels, using carbon ((13)C) and nitrogen ((15)N) stable isotopes as tracers. Results of the mixing model indicated that seston, microphytobenthos and to some extent seagrass and fringing saltmarsh were the main contributors to the detrital pool in both estuaries. However, the relative contribution of different primary producers varied both within and between estuaries. The contribution of saltmarsh was higher at sites close to rivers and dense fringing vegetation, while seston, microphytobenthos and seagrass dominated the detrital material at other sites. Benthic harpacticoid copepods were shown to feed on detritus though they appeared to actively select for different components of the detritus depending on site and estuary. Isotopic signatures of other consumers indicated that fish and invertebrates derived nutrients from MPB and detritus, either directly as food or indirectly through feeding on invertebrates. The overall contribution of saltmarsh to detritus was lower in Leschenault Inlet than in Walpole-Nornalup Estuary, possibly as a result of increased clearing of fringing vegetation around Leschenault Inlet. This pattern was however not reflected in harpacticoid food. Therefore, although losses of fringing saltmarsh around estuaries have the potential to significantly affect estuarine food webs, the significance of such losses will be site- and estuary-dependent.     

新沂地震台地电阻率反向年变分析

结合新沂地震台电测深曲线、 测区地质剖面资料, 建立了三维非均匀层状介质有限元模型. 以第一层介质电阻率变化模拟表层介质电阻率随季节性降雨的变化, 在模型中计算了3个测道的地电阻率年变化形态. 计算结果表明, EW和N45°E测道地电阻率随表层介质电阻率的增减同向增减, 而NS测道地电阻率则与表层介质电阻率变化相反. 该结果符合新沂台3个测道实际观测的年变形态．      

2013 年芦山MS7.0 地震前甘孜台地电阻率变化分析

A trend increase in apparent resistivity has been observed in the N30°E monitoring direction at Garze Seismic Station since July 2011. This increase trend in geo-electric resistivity has been observed in the N60°W direction since 2012. During the period of the increase, the national highway No.317 was expanded in the monitoring area, so the potential electrodes in the N30°E direction had to be moved 10m towards the current electrodes. We interpreted the electric sounding data of Garz6 Seismic Station with a horizontally layered model. Analysis based on this model showed that the shift of potential electrodes can cause a 4 l-l.m rise to the measurements in the N30°E direction. Therefore, apparent resistivity of the two directions increased in the same time in 2012 after offsetting the effects from electrodes shift. Sensitivity coefficients of the two observation directions were also obtained using the model. Sensitivity coefficients of both directions were negative for the shallow layers, which can well explain the unexpected annual variations of Garze Seismic Station. In order to quantitatively analyze the effects from the expansion of the national highway on the observation, we constructed a finite element model based on the electrical structure. Analysis results also suggested that the expansion of the national highway could only cause a 0. 15 Ω·m decrease in the N60°W monitoring direction and 0. 1 Ω· m increase in the N30°E direction. Additionally, the valley values of annual variation of 2013 were distinctively higher than that of other years since 2008, meaning that there was an abnormal rise in apparent resistivity in the two observation directions at Garz~ Seismic Station before the Lushan earthquake. However, the rise was contrary to the decline variation before the Wenchuan earthquake. Therefore, it is still unsure whether or not the rise variation is related to the Lushan earthquake.     

2013年4月20日芦山M_S7.0地震前热红外亮温异常分析

2013年4月20日在四川省雅安市芦山县发生了MS7.0地震,造成196人遇难、23人失踪和上万人受伤的重大灾难。为了分析芦山地震前可能与地震有关的热红外亮温异常,收集了以震中为中心98°~108°E、25°~35°N范围内,2011年4月20日至2013年4月19日为期2年,由静止气象卫星FY-2E观测的地表亮温资料。应用连续小波变换方法计算了每一个像元的小波相对能谱,得到了分析区域内相对能谱的时、空演化过程。结果显示,从1月中旬起,在龙门山断裂带中段开始出现异常,随后异常沿着龙门山断裂逐渐向SW扩展;从3月上旬起,鲜水河断裂带也开始出现异常,之后异常聚集在龙门山断裂和鲜水河断裂的交会区域,在3月下旬异常区域和异常幅度达到最大。随着地震的临近,异常幅度和空间区域逐渐减小,直至4月19日异常还在持续中,地震发生在异常区域的东南边缘。因此认为,热红外异常可能与芦山地震是有关联的。     

大柏舍深井地电阻率观测布极方式分析

为了评估观测质量,本文结合大柏舍地震台电测深资料,采用水平层状介质模型分析了该台站对称四极装置深井地电阻率观测时影响系数随电极深度和观测极距的变化。分析结果表明：大柏舍台现有的深井地电阻率观测水平测道虽然能有效地抑制来自地表的干扰,但是由于观测极距较小,不能很好地反映深部介质电阻率的变化信息;垂直测道因电极埋深位于地下水位变动层位,观测数据受地下水位波动影响较大,较难识别来自深部介质的信息。为有效地记录可能的孕震信息,水平测道极距AB/2取250~350 m、埋深H>150 m能满足需求,并建议增加NS向水平测道观测。     

The effect of nitric oxide on the growth of marine phytoplankton

The incubation experiments of Skeletonema costatum, Dicrateria zhanjiangensis nov. sp., and Platymonas sub-cordiformis, and those of Emiliania huxleyi were carried out in the Marine Physical Chemistry Laboratory in Ocean University of China and in the Marine Organic Geochemistry Laboratory in the University of Georgia respectively. Nitric oxide was added into the media when these marine microalgae were growing. We found the growth of these four microalgae were promoted or inhibited when nitric oxide of different concentrations was added one or two times each day during the cultivation process. The results are consistent with the influence of nitric oxide on the growth of high plants. The results show that nitric oxide may be a new factor of regulation and control for the phytoplankton growth in seawater.     

Strain─geoelectric resistivity precurs

Ｓｔｒａｉｎ┐ｇｅｏｅｌｅｃｔｒｉｃｒｅｓｉｓｔｉｖｉｔｙｐｒｅｃｕｒｓｏｒａｎｄｔｈｅｖｉｒｔｕａｌｄｉｓｌｏｃａｔｉｏｎｍｏｄｅｌｔｏｔｈｅＴａｎｇｓｈａｎｅａｒｔｈ┐ｑｕａｋｅＹＵ－ＬＩＮＺＨＡＯ（赵玉林），ＪＵＮＬＵ（卢军），ＺＨＥＮＧ－Ｎ...     

电测量在中国地震预报中的应用

唐山等大地震地电阻率中期下降系压缩应变积累所致 ,为基线缩短、井水位下降所支持。地电阻率、自然电位对起潮力的异常响应及自然电位快急始、慢衰减特殊图象与废油井喷油同步等短临前兆 ,与中期前兆相反显示出向震中迁移的规律 ,表明能量积累从震中向外围传播 ,而能量释放从外围向震中传播。海城地震时喷砂冒水可引起自然电位垂直分量跃变及地光。IIMT法和过剩海洋电流H极化结果表明 ,唐山地震与地壳高阻层及其中存在深大断裂有