井下视电阻率观测影响系数分析

采用水平层状均匀介质中点电流源位于任意深度时电位解析表达式,分析了井下对称四极视电阻率观测时影响系数随深度和极距的变化。结果表明对于固定的观测极距,影响系数与电极埋深之间关系复杂;对于某些电性结构和在一定深度范围内,井下观测对表层干扰具有放大作用。对于固定的电极埋深,小极距观测主要体现观测装置所在处的介质层信息,深部介质的影响系数随着极距的加大而增加,浅层影响系数一般先上升后下降;观测极距足够大时,井下观测影响系数逐渐接近于地表观测的影响系数,井下观测的优势得不到体现。本文以天水台为例讨论了实施井下观测时影响系数在选择供电极距和电极埋深过程中的应用。分析结果对在不同电性结构中实施井下地电观测时具有一定的参考意义。     

Design and application of a direct-push vadose zone gravel permeameter

A borehole permeameter is well suited for testing saturated hydraulic conductivity (K(sat)) at specific depths in the vadose zone. Most applications of the method involve fine-grained soils that allow hand auguring of test holes and require a small water reservoir to maintain a constant head. In non-cohesive gravels, hand-dug test holes are difficult to excavate, holes are prone to collapse, and large volumes of water are necessary to maintain a constant head for the duration of the test. For coarse alluvial gravels, a direct-push steel permeameter was designed to place a slotted pipe at a specific sampling depth. Measurements can be made at successive depths at the same location. A 3790 L (1000 gallons) trailer-mounted water tank maintained a constant head in the permeameter. Head in the portable tank was measured with a pressure transducer and flow was calculated based on a volumetric rating curve. A U.S. Bureau of Reclamation analytical method was utilized to calculate K(sat). Measurements with the permeameter at a field site were similar to those reported from falling-head tests.     

地震电磁辐射前兆异常特征和异常指标关系研究

根据收集的地震电磁类资料, 总结分析了地震电磁异常特征及震例的异常指标间的关系。据统计, 一般对M≥ 3.0地震, 电磁异常平均出现在震前10～45天, 异常的平均传播距离为100～600 km, 震级越大, 异常提前出现的时间越早, 异常传播的距离越大; 一定范围内, 震级和异常提前出现的时间、 震级和异常传播的距离存在简单的线性关系。地震发生在异常出现后两个月之内的概率达93.5%。有88%的地震发生在异常结束后或异常结束当天, 有98%的地震发生在异常结束后20天以内。     

汶川Ms8．0地震的短临地电波动（潮汐力谐振和共振波-HRT波）前兆

简要介绍了强震短临前兆的HRT波模型,和用HRT波模型分析强震前地电观测资料预测未来强震的时间、地点、震级三要素方法。用HRT波模型分析了2008年汶川MS8.0地震前四川红格地电台的记录资料,提取出了汶川MS8.0地震前短临前兆信息。     

汶川8．0级地震HRT波地震短临波动前兆及HRT波地震短临预测方法——关于实现强震短临预测可能性的讨论

2004年初开始在川滇地区布设的4个地电台,使用所研制的抗干扰性能极强的PS-100地电测量系统和技术,捕捉地震短临前兆．至2008汶川8．0级地震前,唯一仍在工作的红格台记录到了汶川地震的HRT波短临前兆．根据潮汐力谐振共振波（简称为HRT波）短临地震预测模型,在汶川8．0级地震前5月11日夜至12日凌晨5时分析得到了大震即将来临的结果．所记前兆同以前各台对其他强震所记的HRT波震例的规律有很强的一致性．所测物理量（地电阻率与地电流）仅在强震前才出现潮汐力的周期,而其振幅在震前数月至几天明显增大．通过研究所记的实例表明,它们通常与几天后所发生的地震有因果关系,这种波的到时与台站的震中距成正比;由这种波动所测的断层固有周期％与断层长度（震级）有关,对6-9级地震,死的范围为1-6h．有证据表明,它们是来自即将发生地震的震源区．这种波动周期较长,在地壳中,可传播数百乃至数千公里．对发生在地壳中的浅源大震,地壳固体在其孔、裂隙中通常含有易于流动的（导电的）流体（溶液）,这种流体在地震孕育过程中因受力（孔隙压力）先于断层位移（地震）产生的（微小）扰动（波动）,对所观测的HRT波提供了一种可能的解释．从2004年在川滇地区增设4个PS-100HRT波台站,试图捕捉强震短临前兆,到2008年发生汶川8．0级地震（距离新增的MN台△=288km;距离记录到HRT波短临异常的HG台△=465km;距离青川640km）前,HG台捕捉到汶川8．0级地震的HRT短临前兆的全过程,表明地震是有前兆的,地震是可以预测、预报的,在可预见的将来实现地震的短临预报是可行的．     

人工爆炸地震野外数据处理装置

1988年底在华南地区连县—港口近400km的测线上,首次使用了中国科学院地球物理研究所研制的人工爆炸地震野外数据处理装置.该装置由AT型微机及必要的接口板和外围装置组成,能在野外条件下把模拟或数字记录仪记录结果以数字数据形式输入计算机,并进行显示、打印、存储等操作.由于成功地解决了诸如磁带信号直接屏幕扫描搜寻,时间信号自动识别、解码,钟差和零时信号屏幕光点比测,采样率随磁带速度自动调节,多通道长时间信号连续存储,数字滤波和再采样,用普通打印机快速打印高分辨率图形等技术问题,我们在野外记录后2—3天内即能绘出全测线120道记录的剖面图,达到了前所未有的高速度.     

Effects of two sediment types on the fluorescence yield of two Hawaiian scleractinian corals

This study used non-invasive pulse-amplitude modulated (PAM) fluorometry to measure the maximum fluorescence yield (F(v)/F(m)) of two Hawaiian scleractinian coral species exposed to short-term sedimentation stress. Beach sand or harbor mud was applied to coral fragments in a flow-through aquarium system for 0-45 h, and changes in F(v)/F(m) were measured as a function of sediment type and length of exposure. Corals were monitored for up to 90 h to document recovery after sediment removal. Sediment deposition significantly decreased F(v)/F(m) in both species and was a function of sediment type and time. Corals that received sediment for 30 h or more had the greatest reduction in yield and exhibited little recovery over the course of the experiment. Harbor mud caused a greater reduction in Porites lobata yield than beach sand, whereas both sediment types had equally deleterious effects on Montipora capitata. Colony morphology and sediment type were important factors in determining yield reduction--P. lobata minimized damage from coarse sand grains by passive sediment rejection or accumulation in depressions in the skeleton, and fluorescence yield decreased most in corals exposed to sticky harbor mud or in colonies with flattened morphologies. Species-specific differences could not be tested due to differences in colony morphology and surface area.     

The variations of the degree of ground resistivity anisotropy during the Tangshan earthquake

ＴｈｅｖａｒｉａｔｉｏｎｓｏｆｔｈｅｄｅｇｒｅｅｏｆｇｒｏｕｎｄｒｅｓｉｓｔｉｖｉｔｙａｎｉｓｏｔｒｏｐｙｄｕｒｉｎｇｔｈｅＴａｎｇｓｈａｎｅａｒｔｈｑｕａｋｅＴｏｎｇ－ＥｎＭＡＯ（毛桐恩）；Ｔｉｅ－ＣｈｅｎｇＷＡＮＧ（王铁成）；Ｊｉａ－ＬｉｕＹＡＯ...     

地电化学提取法的理论与实验研究

根据离子溶液电化学的基本性质和稳定电流场的基本理论,通过理论计算和物理模拟实验,指出：离子在外电场作用下,由所在地点迁移至接收电极所需时间与多种因素有关,当外界条件一定时,加大供电电流强度可减少接收时间;离子淌度值很小,由实测时量曲线计算出的ｕｉ值,一般不超过几个ｃｍ２·ｈ－１·Ｖ－１单位,因此欲提取深部离子,即使在最有利条件下也是非常困难的;由不同供电电流强度测出的时量曲线,计算得到的淌度值是相等的,因此改变供电电流强度并不能改变离子淌度值,但当围岩介质的颗粒度较大时,可使离子淌度值变大;离子的迁移质量与供电电量Ｑ＝Ｉ·ｔ成正比,因此在供电电流强度不变的条件下,采用间断供电方式可取得与连续供电相同的结果;通过浅部已存在的离子晕,用电提取法可以发现深部隐伏矿体。