汶川8．0级地震HRT波地震短临波动前兆及HRT波地震短临预测方法——关于实现强震短临预测可能性的讨论

2004年初开始在川滇地区布设的4个地电台,使用所研制的抗干扰性能极强的PS-100地电测量系统和技术,捕捉地震短临前兆．至2008汶川8．0级地震前,唯一仍在工作的红格台记录到了汶川地震的HRT波短临前兆．根据潮汐力谐振共振波（简称为HRT波）短临地震预测模型,在汶川8．0级地震前5月11日夜至12日凌晨5时分析得到了大震即将来临的结果．所记前兆同以前各台对其他强震所记的HRT波震例的规律有很强的一致性．所测物理量（地电阻率与地电流）仅在强震前才出现潮汐力的周期,而其振幅在震前数月至几天明显增大．通过研究所记的实例表明,它们通常与几天后所发生的地震有因果关系,这种波的到时与台站的震中距成正比;由这种波动所测的断层固有周期％与断层长度（震级）有关,对6-9级地震,死的范围为1-6h．有证据表明,它们是来自即将发生地震的震源区．这种波动周期较长,在地壳中,可传播数百乃至数千公里．对发生在地壳中的浅源大震,地壳固体在其孔、裂隙中通常含有易于流动的（导电的）流体（溶液）,这种流体在地震孕育过程中因受力（孔隙压力）先于断层位移（地震）产生的（微小）扰动（波动）,对所观测的HRT波提供了一种可能的解释．从2004年在川滇地区增设4个PS-100HRT波台站,试图捕捉强震短临前兆,到2008年发生汶川8．0级地震（距离新增的MN台△=288km;距离记录到HRT波短临异常的HG台△=465km;距离青川640km）前,HG台捕捉到汶川8．0级地震的HRT短临前兆的全过程,表明地震是有前兆的,地震是可以预测、预报的,在可预见的将来实现地震的短临预报是可行的．     

Spatial and temporal variability of ground water recharge in central Australia: a tracer approach

Two environmental tracer methods are applied to the Ti-Tree Basin in central Australia to shed light on the importance of recharge from floodouts of ephemeral rivers in this arid environment. Ground water carbon-14 concentrations from boreholes are used to estimate the average recharge rate over the interval between where the ground water sample first entered the saturated zone and the bore. Environmental chloride concentrations in ground water samples provide estimates of the recharge rate at the exact point in the landscape where the sample entered the saturated zone. The results of the two tracer approaches indicate that recharge rates around one of the rivers and an extensive floodplain are generally higher than rates of diffuse recharge that occurs in areas of lower topographic relief. Ground water 2H/1H and 18O/16O compositions are all depleted in the heavier isotopes (delta2H = -67 per thousand to -50 per thousand; delta18O = -9.2 per thousand to -5.7%o) compared with the long-term, amount-weighted mean isotopic composition of rainfall in the area (delta2H = -33.8 per thousand; delta18O = -6.3 per thousand). This indicates that recharge throughout the basin occurs only after intense rainfall events of at least 150 to 200 mm/month. Finally, a recharge map is developed to highlight the spatial extent of the two recharge mechanisms. Floodout recharge to the freshest ground water (TDS <1,000 mg/L) is approximately 1.9 mm/year compared with a mean recharge rate of approximately 0.2 mm/year to the remainder of the basin. These findings have important implications for management of the ground water resource.     

一种实用的地质勘探软件—PC—XPLOR

PC-XPLOR是由加拿大一软件公司开发的专用于地质勘探资料(区域填图、地球化学调查、钻孔编录等)数据处理及成图的计算机(微机)软件.该系统可用在MSDOS兼容计算机上,灵活、易学、快速.作为整体程序包,PC-XPLOR在结构上是积木式,使用上是菜单式的.系统中有4个模块,即数据管理,报告,成图和统计.PC-XPLOR所有的模块,均由一专门为空间数据设计的关系数据模式支撑.因数据库构筑在一系列相互联系的表中,这就为勘探资料的储存与管理,提供了无与伦比的灵活性.由于具有用户自定     

安徽省铜矿的新类型——六峰山铜矿床地质特征及其成因

文中介绍了与淋滤富集、溶洞堆积有关的次生富集铜矿床——六峰山铜矿床的地质特征及其形成机理,并指出了其找矿意义.     

Demographic transition in Sri Lanka: a spatial perspective

Demographic transition theory involves a lagging fertility transition induced by a leading mortality transition. This article focuses on the linkage between the mortality and fertility transitions in Sri Lanka; it discusses the measurement of areal fertility, demonstrates the use of a measure not commonly used in population geography, and shows areal association between past mortality and recent fertility. The Coale or Princeton fertility indices allow a reasonably good view of structural and behavioral aspects of fertility; the Coale indices examine the contribution of structure to total fertility and the contribution of marital fertility. Although recent fertility decline has been less rapid than the post-war mortality decline, Sri Lanka's crude birth rate in 1975 was the 5th lowest in Asia. Sri Lanka experienced very high crude death rates in 1930, and quite low rates in 1950 and in subsequent years. This demonstrates an association between historic mortality and recent fertility, and that association can be linked deductively to demographic transition theory. In 1930, malaria was endemic throughout the Dry Zone of Sri Lanka, and hyperendemic in several districts. The Spearman rank correlation coefficients reveal the strongest relationship between malaria and nuptiality; this lends evidence to the notion that structural influences on fertility--such as delayed marriage--are more important than influences on marital fertility--such as coital frequency. The evidence suggests that mortalily decline in Sri Lanka led to an increase in fertility in those areas where malaria had been concentrated. This suggests the possibility that measures constituting malaria control or eradication also stimulate increased fertility; therefore, anti-malarial programs must be integrated with family planning.     

3年独立研究观测到的地震有关的地电变化

给出了某些地震前地电的观测结果。数据是在帕特雷大学地震中心用ＶＡＮ方法在３年独立实验研究期间搜集的。记录的信号包括：（ａ）地电场的缓慢变化；（ｂ）地电场的周期变化；（ｃ）地震电信号。     

高三复习冲刺阶段的教学策略

一、近年地理高考试题趋向。1．强化地图载体，考查读图用图技能。地图是地理信息的载体，也是学生学习地理不可或缺的工具，因此，地理高考理应检测这一最重要的学习能力，重点考查学生学习地理的过程。从试题设计上来凸现过程性评价，正符合新课程标准理念。一般说来，学生平时对较简单的区域图、统计图、景观图掌握较好，但有几种难图需加强读练：