Vertical structures of PM10 and PM 2.5 and their dynamical character in low atmosphere in Beijing urban areas

The vertical structures and their dynamical character of PM2.5 and PM10 over Beijing urban areas are revealed using the 1 min mean continuous mass concentration data of PM2.5 and PM10 at 8, 100, and 320 m heights of the meteorological observation tower of 325 m at Institute of Atmospheric Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences (IAP CAS tower hereafter) on 10―26 August, 2003, as well as the daily mean mass concentration data of PM2.5 and PM10 and the continuous data of CO and NO2 at 8, 100 (low layer), 200 (middle layer), and 320 m (high layer) heights, in combination with the same period meteorological field observation data of the meteorological tower. The vertical distributions of aerosols observed on IAP CAS tower in Beijing can be roughly divided into two patterns: gradually and rapidly decreasing patterns, I.e. The vertical distribution of aerosols in calm weather or on pollution day belongs to the gradually decreasing pattern, while one on clean day or weak cold air day belongs to the rapidly decreasing pattern. The vertical distributive characters of aerosols were closely related with the dynamical/thermal structure and turbulence character of the atmosphere boundary layer. On the clean day, the low layer PM2.5 and PM10 concentrations were close to those at 8 m height, while the concentrations rapidly decreased at the high layer, and their values were only one half of those at 8 m, especially, the concentration of PM2.5 dropped even more. On the clean day, there existed stronger turbulence below 150 m, aerosols were well mixed, but blocked by the more stronger inversion layer aloft, and meanwhile, at various heights, especially in the high layer, the horizontal wind speed was larger, resulting in the rapid decrease of aerosol concentration, I.e. Resulting in the obvious vertical difference of aerosol concentrations between the low and high layers. On the pollution day, the concentrations of PM2.5 and PM10 at the low, middle, and high layers dropped successively by, on average, about 10% for each layer in comparison with those at 8 m height. On pollution days, in company with the low wind speed, there existed two shallow inversion layers in the boundary layer, but aerosols might be, to some extent, mixed below the inversion layer, therefore, on the pollution day the concentrations of PM2.5 and PM10 dropped with height slowly; and the observational results also show that the concentrations at 320 m height were obviously high under SW and SE winds, but at other heights, the concentrations were not correlated with wind directions. The computational results of footprint analysis suggest that this was due to the fact that the 320 m height was impacted by the pollutants transfer of southerly flow from the southern peripheral heavier polluted areas, such as Baoding, and Shijiazhuang of Hebei Province, Tianjin, and Shandong Province, etc., while the low layer was only affected by Beijing's local pollution source. The computational results of power spectra and periods preliminarily reveal that under the condition of calm weather, the periods of PM10 concentration at various heights of the tower were on the order of minutes, while in cases of larger wind speed, the concentrations of PM2.5 and PM10 at 320 m height not only had the short periods of minute-order, but also the longer periods of hour order. Consistent with the conclusion previously drawn by Ding et al., that air pollutants at different heights and at different sites in Beijing had the character of "in-phase" variation, was also observed for the diurnal variation and mean diurnal variation of PM2.5 and PM10 at various heights of the tower in this experiment, again confirming the "in-phase" temporal/spatial distributive character of air pollutants in the urban canopy of Beijing. The gentle double-peak character of the mean diurnal variation of PM2.5 and PM10 was closely related with the evident/similar diurnal variation of turbulent momentum fluxes, sensible heat fluxes, and turbulent kinetic energy at various heights in the urban canopy. Besides, under the condition of calm weather, the concentration of PM2.5 and PM10 declined with height slowly, it was 90% of 8 m concentration at the low layer, a little lesser than 90% at the middle layer, and 80% at the high layer, respectively. Under the condition of weak cold air weather, the concentration remarkably dropped with height, it was 70% of 8 m concentration at the low layer, and 20%―30% at the middle and high layers, especially the concentration of PM2.5 was even lower.     

Uncertainty analysis of CO_2 flux components in subtropical evergreen coniferous plantation

We present an uncertainty analysis of ecological process parameters and CO2 flux components (Reco, NEE and gross ecosystem exchange (GEE)) derived from 3 years’ continuous eddy covariance meas-urements of CO2 fluxes at subtropical evergreen coniferous plantation, Qianyanzhou of ChinaFlux. Daily-differencing approach was used to analyze the random error of CO2 fluxes measurements and bootstrapping method was used to quantify the uncertainties of three CO2 flux components. In addition, we evaluated different ...     

基于SuperMap GIS的成都市旅游信息系统的设计与开发

成都市作为"中国最佳旅游城市",应该充分挖掘旅游资源潜力,利用信息技术提高旅游管理和服务水平,吸引更多的游客资源,为成都的经济发展服务,树立成都旅游的新形象。同时,以软件技术和空间信息处理为核心的地理信息系统技术,具有强大的空间信息管理、属性数据查询、空间信息分析等功能,为旅游信息系统开发提供了理想的平台。本文根据成都市旅游资源的实际情况,从信息系统的管理开发和软件工程的角度出发,设计了基于GIS的成都市旅游信息系统的开发思路,并利用组件式GIS软件SuperMap Objects为开发平台,结合高级编程语言VB.NET,具体编程实现了成都市旅游信息系统的部分查询功能和空间分析功能,基本上可以满足游客的信息查询和分析的需要。     

CSMA/CD网与Token Bus网、Token Ring网的比较

局域网产生于20世纪70年代,由于微型计算机的发明和迅速普及以及网络的出现和深入发展,局域网得到了长足的发展.当今的局域网按照共享介质访问控制方法分类,可分为总线型网(CSMA/CD网)、令牌总线型网(Token Bus网)、令牌环型网(Token Ring网).通过对这三种不同局域网的比较,进一步理解不同网络的相关特性,从而针对不同的网络给出相适应的组网方式.     

全站仪三角高程新方法及精度估算

利用传统三角高程原理和方法推导一种全站仪三角高程测量新方法计算公式。该方法的优点是在观测的过程中不需要量测仪器和棱镜高,从而达到提高精度的目的;并利用误差传播定律进行精度估算和分析,通过与《工程测量规范》中相应的水准闭合差比较,得出在一定条件下该方法可以代替三、四等水准测量。此方法用在施工测量中可以大大地提高工作效率和缩短工程工期。     

网络环境下的“微课堂”实验教学改革

针对目前遥感科学与技术专业部分课程没有专门的实验教学、学生实践能力培养欠缺的问题,对实验教学模式进行了改革,提出了一种新的基于网络环境的"微课堂"实验教学模式。以"微波遥感"课程为例,构建了8个专题的"实验教学微课堂"及相关教学资源,实现了实验课的远程教学。通过改革,拓宽了学生的实践渠道和空间,提高了学生的创新思维和数据处理综合应用能力。     

灰色理论应用于轨道交通一号线一期工程承重墩沉降分析

介绍了沉降监测数据处理理论方法,讨论了灰色模型法预测沉降的过程,分析了武汉轨道交通一期工程承重墩沉降监测数据,结果表明其基础是基本稳定的。     

城市地理信息查询系统的应用与研究

随着社会经济的不断发展,信息技术已经成为当前社会最主要的一个特征。在我国目前的城市发展中,信息已经成为发展中的一个重要因素。而作为城市,一般都具有人口密集、信息资源丰富、科学技术发达等特色,从这一方面来说,在城市中实现地理信息查询系统是非常有必要的。而且目前信息化技术水平已经有了提高,这在一定程度上也为城市地理信息查询系统的研究和实现奠定了良好的技术基础。本文具体对关于WebGIS城市地理信息查询系统在城市中的应用进行分析,以促进这一技术在城市的发展。     

BDS/GPS组合基线解算软件开发及精度分析

主要论述了BDS/GPS组合的理论,基于VC++6.0开发了BDS/GPS组合基线解算软件,详细介绍了该软件的设计思路及主要功能。利用多组实例数据比较了单系统与双系统在伪距单点,伪距双差和载波双差方面的精度差异,全面分析了解算结果,从而验证了该软件的正确性,并得出了有益结论。     

高分辨率遥感影像配准与变化检测一体化处理

为了克服高分辨率遥感影像配准与变化检测作为单独环节处理的局限,该文提出了一种基于变分理论的配准与变化检测一体化处理方法。该方法将配准误差作为一种光谱变化决策因子,变化信息以权值的方式迭代反馈给变分配准模型的解算过程。为了更准确地检测建筑物这个特定目标的真实变化,该文采用多尺度最大形态学轮廓建筑物检测指数的差异作为另外一个决策因子。最后将配准误差反映的变化和建筑物检测指数的差异这两个决策因子在D-S证据理论框架下建立概率模型进行融合处理,进而得到建筑物的变化检测结果。该文选取WorldView-2数据进行实验,实验结果表明,一体化处理思路可以有效地解决单独处理的局限,从根本上解决配准误差对变化检测结果的影响以及由于变化而使配准精度降低的问题,进而提高配准和变化检测的质量。