Zur Tektonik des andinen Bolivien

Zusammenfassung Es wird eine kurze Übersicht der neuen Erkenntnisse über die Tektonik des andinen Bolivien gegeben. Die wichtigsten Ergebnisse sind folgende:Das Präkambrium des brasilianischen Schildes reicht, direkt von mächtigem Alluvium bedeckt, NW Santa Cruz bis nahe an den Andenrand. Im Süden bricht es an einer Störung ab, die in 17° 30 S bis an den Andenrand reicht und als Schwächezone nach W bis zur Achse der Cordillera Real zu verfolgen ist. Diese teilt den geosynklinalen Raum in einen nördlichen, im Ostteil gehobenen und einen südlichen, tiefer liegenden Abschnitt.Der Andenblock ist ein Bruchfaltengebirge. Die Auf- und Abschiebungen der Blöcke sind zumeist in vertikalem Sinne erfolgt und nur im Subandin am Ostrande gegen Osten gerichtet. Stärkere epirogene Bewegungen haben gegen Ende des Perms stattgefunden. Mit ihnen ist die Intrusion der älteren Granite der Cordillera Real verknüpft. Epirogene Krustenbewegungen im Jura waren besonders stark im Raum von Potosi und südlicher, wo starke Faltungen und Diskordanzen beobachtet wurden. Die einzige starke Orogenese ist im Pliozän erfolgt, sie hat den gesamten Andenblock mitsamt Altiplano und Subandin einheitlich erfaßt. Die Plutone der Cordillera Quimsa Cruz, des Illimani und von Kari-Kari sind miozän und wohl als präorogen zu deuten. Der intensive Vulkanismus im post-geosynklinalen Raum und im Altiplano ist pliozän und postorogen.

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This paper presents new information concerning the tectonics of the Andean portion of Bolivia. The most important results are:In NW Santa Cruz, the Precambrian Brazilian shield extends westward nearly as far as to the Andean border; it is covered only with quaternary sediments. To the south it ends at a fault, which reaches the Andean border at 17° 30 S. This old tectonic zone of weakness extends west as far as to the axis of the Cordillera Real, and divides the Andean block into a northern portion, which is elevated in the east, and a southern portion in lower position.The Andes consist of a system of fractured folds. The movement of fault blocks was predominantly vertical, but in the Subandean belt at the eastern margin they were directed east. Epirogenic movements were relatively intensive at the end of the Permian; the intrusion of the older granites is related to these movements. Jurassic epirogenic movements were intensive in the area of Potosi and south, where intensive folding and unconformities were observed. The only intensive orogeny, which is of Pliocene age, affected the entire Andean block including Altiplano and Subandean belt. The granitic intrusions of the Cordillera Quimsa Cruz, of the Illimani, and of Kari-Kari of Miocene age are interpreted to be pre-orogenic. The intensive volcanism of the post-geosynclinal region and in Altiplano is post-orogenic and of Pliocene age.

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Résumé L'auteur donne un résumé des connaissances acquises sur la tectonique des Andes boliviennes à partir des travaux publiés ces dix dernières années. Les résultats les plus importantes sont les suivants:Le Précambrien du bouclier brésilien, qui a fortement influencé la tectonique du géosynclinal andin, s'étend, recouvert du Quaternaire, jusqu'au pied du massif andin. Le Précambrien se termine au Sud, le long d'une faille ancienne qui, à la latitude 17° 30, s'étend jusqu'au pied des Andes et se poursuit sous forme d'une zone de faiblesse jusqu'à l'axe de la Cordillera Real. Cette ligne ancienne divise l'aire geosynclinale en une partie septentrionale qui a été soulevée et une partie méridionale abaissée.Le massif andin est le résultat de soulèvements de blocs, généralement suivant la verticale, et de plissements asymétriques. Dans la zone subandine les mouvements tectoniques montrent un déversement vers l'Est. Généralement les terrains sont concordants depuis l'Ordovicien jusqu'au Tertiaire.Des mouvements epirogéniques se sont produits pour la première fois a la fin du Permien, en relacion avec les intrusions des massifs granitiques dans la Cordillera Real. Pendant le Jurassique se sont produits des mouvements de blocs plus intenses accompagnés de plissements, surtout dans la zone de Potosi et plus au Sud.Il y eut récemment, au Pliocène, une orogénèse qui a affecté l'ensemble du bloc andin, y compris l'Altiplano et la zone subandine. Les plutons de la Cordillera Quimsa Cruz, de l'Illimani et, au Sud, de la cordillère Kari-Kari sont miocènes; le volcanisme intense dans l'aire post-géosynclinale et dans l'Altiplano est d'âge pliocène et post-orogénique.

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. Santa Cruz , . , 17° 30 Cordillera Real. , , , . , . , Cordillera Real. Potosi , . , Cordillera Quimsa Cruz, Illimani Kari-Kari . . . - Altiplano , . . .

     

Form und Schichtungsgefüge periodischer Sandkörper im Strömungsfeld des Außenelbewatts

Zusammenfassung Periodisch gescharte Sandkörper auf den Sandwattflächen (große Rippeln und- hier besonders - Sandwellen) geben durch ihre im Luftbild erkennbare Asymmetrie Indizien für den Sandtransport. Diese Sandwellen sind, im Gegensatz zu Groß- und Riesenrippeln, aus einer Kreuzschichtung aufgebaut, die durch wandernde Kleinrippeln entstanden ist. Dadurch entsteht auch die Asymmetrie der Großformen. Die aus der Luftbildanalyse resultierende Richtungsverteilung stimmt mit einer Stromvektorenkarte (Göhren), die von normalen Tideverhältnissen abgeleitet ist, gut überein.Die Gesamtheit der auftretenden Strömungen spiegelt sich in der Schichtung nicht wider, sondern es dominiert diejenige Strömung, die am häufigsten mit einer relativ großen Geschwindigkeit eintritt. Extreme Bedingungen haben so geringere Chancen, im Sediment dokumentiert zu werden.

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The asymmetric character of periodic sedimentary sand bodies found on tidal flats (largescale ripples and here particularly sand waves) can be mapped on aerial photographs to give an indication of sand transport directions. These sand waves, in contrast to largescale and giant ripples, exhibit cross-lamination which formed from migrating smallscale ripples. The asymmetry of the large form is established through the migration of the smallscale ripples. The vector distributions obtained from aerial photograph analyses show good agreement with a map of current vectors (Göhren) based on normal tidal conditions.Not every current is reflected in the sediment; dominant are the frequently occurring currents having a moderately high velocity. Extreme conditions (which are infrequent) have a smaller chance to be recorded in the sediment.

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Résumé Dans la zone intertidale, on trouve des mégarides et d'autres crêtes sableuses, groupées periodiquement, qui sont appelées ici «Sandwellen» (vagues de sable). L'asymmetrie de ces formes, bien reconnaissable sur les photographies aériennes, donne des indications sur le mouvement du sable. Les vagues de sable montrent, au contraire des mégarides ordinaires, une stratification croisée de rides à l'intérieur. La migration de ces rides cause l'asymmetrie. La distribution des directions concorde avec une carte des vecteurs de courants (Göhren) dérivée des conditions ordinaires de marée.La totalité des courants présents dans la zone intertidale n'est pas réflétée dans la stratification, mais ce sont les courants, qui ont lieu le plus fréquemment avec des vélocités relativement fortes qui dominent. Les conditions extrêmes n'ont pas une grande chance d'être fossilisées.

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Shock effects in MgAl2O4-spinel

Shock recovery experiments on synthetic MgAl₂O₄-spinel samples in the pressure range 25.5 to 50.5 GPa have been performed in order to examine the effects of shock waves on this material. The shocked samples were subsequently studied in the transmission electron microscope. All samples showed shock-induced dislocations with the Burgers vector 1/2 〈110〉 and twin lamellae of the twin-law {111}. In addition, samples, which had experienced the higher pressures, showed lamellar areas of a crystalline phase that we have not yet been able fully to characterize. It is probably not ε-MgAl₂O₄.     

Bestimmung polarer Phosphorsäureester in Trink‐ und Oberflächenwasser mittels HPLC‐MS‐MS

Determination of Organophosphorus Pesticides in Water by HPLC‐MS‐MS In the EC Water Framework Directive 2000/60/EG and in CEC 76/464/EEC there are 16 organophosphorus pesticides (insecticides and acaricides) listed which belong to so‐called priority substances. The committed quality aims of these substances frequently require maximum concentrations below 0.1 μg/L. In this paper a HPLC‐MS‐method is described. The reported limits of determination of organophosphorus pesticides are lower than the demanded limits. High analytical sensitivity is reached by solid‐phase extraction (SPE) and by injecting large volumes. For some of these substances no sample enrichment is needed and low detection limits are obtained by direct injection of the original water sample.     

Paleomagnetic age and palaeobiological significance of hominoid fossil strata of Yuanmou Basin in Yunnan

The Yuanmou area in Yunnan Province is a fa-mous place for origin of mankind. Qian Fang et al. found tooth fossils of Yuanmou man in Shangnabang Village of Yuanmou in 1965. Jiang Nengren et al. identified the hominoid teeth from animal fossils un-earthed near Zhupeng Village in the Xiaohe Basin which were delivered by the local peasants. Hominoid fossils were also found in Leilao Village of Yuanmou afterward. These great discoveries have aroused ex-tensive concern in academic circle[1,2…     

Chemical studies of L chondrites. VI: variations with petrographic type and shock-loading among equilibrated falls

To study compositional trends associated with open and closed system metamorphism and/or shock-induced heating of the L4-6 chondrite parent(s), we used ICPMS and RNAA to quantify 51 trace elements in 48 chemically representative fall samples. With these data, we used graphic and two multivariate statistical methods for examining evidence for compositional differences with respect to petrographic type and degree of shock loading. Comparisons of mildly shocked (S1-S3) L5 and L6 suites (9 and 8 chondrites, respectively) yield no convincing statistical evidence for a difference in trace element content. Our multivariate comparisons show a difference on a model-dependent basis, but yield indeterminate results on a model-independent basis. Compositionally, suites of strongly shocked (S4-S6) and mildly shocked L4-6 chondrites (26 and 19 samples, respectively) can be distinguished at statistically significant levels on both model-dependent and -independent bases. In the strongly shocked suite, contents of refractory lithophiles are higher, and siderophiles and volatiles are lower than those of the mildly shocked suite at moderately (p ≤ 0.05) to highly significant (p ≤ 0.01) levels. Our studies suggest that chemical differences from vaporization and loss of volatiles along with metal/silicate partitioning are present from extended cooling of shock-heated bodies produced by intermittent impacts, especially the massive impact(s) that disrupted the L chondrite parent(s) ∼500 Ma ago.     

GEO-REFERENCING WITHOUT GROUND CONTROL

A geo-reference is a global or regional geographical or geodetic coor-dinate system to which sensors or spatial object data are related.Hence,geo-ref-erencing is close to the well known photogrammetric concept of exterior or abso-lute orientation,the common execution of which is indirect,via the use of groundcontrol point.GPS and INS technologies have changed the situation,permittingdirect measurement of position and attitude parameters and making exterior orien-tation feasible without ground control at all,in principle.The analysis of accuracyand reliability performance discloses,however,that especially INS does not yetmeet the high demands of photogrammetry.Moreover,control of systematic er-rors,the problem of datum transformation,and reliability conditions make theuse of some ground control points still mandatory,at least for any high perfor-mance geo-referencing.     

Riyadh and its development

After World War II Saudi Arabia has experienced spectacular changes. Based on huge oil and gas revenues a particularly rapid growth of population and a spectacular urbanization took place. One of the most booming cities in the desert environment of the arabian peninsula is the Kingdoms capital city of Riyadh. With a built-up area of 3.5 km² only before 1950 the city's present-day expansion reaches more than 500 km². During the same period of time the population of Riyadh grew from less than 50,000 in 1945 to more than 1.4 Mio. in 1985. Such an explosive development can be documented best by a satellite image. In this paper the process of urbanization of Riyadh is presented by the interpretation of a MOMS image taken in 1984, documenting the geographic situation, urban structures, and the city's development.