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111.
Climate change effects on hydrological system conditions influencing generation of storm runoff in small Alpine catchments 总被引:1,自引:0,他引:1 下载免费PDF全文
Gertraud Meißl Herbert Formayer Klaus Klebinder Florian Kerl Friedrich Schöberl Clemens Geitner Gerhard Markart David Leidinger Axel Bronstert 《水文研究》2017,31(6):1314-1330
Floods and debris flows in small Alpine torrent catchments (<10 km2) arise from a combination of critical antecedent system state conditions and mostly convective precipitation events with high precipitation intensities. Thus, climate change may influence the magnitude–frequency relationship of extreme events twofold: by a modification of the occurrence probabilities of critical hydrological system conditions and by a change of event precipitation characteristics. Three small Alpine catchments in different altitudes in Western Austria (Ruggbach, Brixenbach and Längentalbach catchment) were investigated by both field experiments and process‐based simulation. Rainfall–runoff model (HQsim) runs driven by localized climate scenarios (CNRM‐RM4.5/ARPEGE, MPI‐REMO/ECHAM5 and ICTP‐RegCM3/ECHAM5) were used in order to estimate future frequencies of stormflow triggering system state conditions. According to the differing altitudes of the study catchments, two effects of climate change on the hydrological systems can be observed. On one hand, the seasonal system state conditions of medium altitude catchments are most strongly affected by air temperature‐controlled processes such as the development of the winter snow cover as well as evapotranspiration. On the other hand, the unglaciated high‐altitude catchment is less sensitive to climate change‐induced shifts regarding days with critical antecedent soil moisture and desiccated litter layer due to its elevation‐related small proportion of sensitive areas. For the period 2071–2100, the number of days with critical antecedent soil moisture content will be significantly reduced to about 60% or even less in summer in all catchments. In contrast, the number of days with dried‐out litter layers causing hydrophobic effects will increase by up to 8%–11% of the days in the two lower altitude catchments. The intensity analyses of heavy precipitation events indicate a clear increase in rain intensities of up to 10%. 相似文献
112.
Elena I. Virina Friedrich Heller Stanislav S. Faustov Nathalia S. Bolikhovskaya Robert V. Krasnenkov Tatyana Gendler Ernie A. Hailwood Jozeph Hus 《第四纪科学杂志》2000,15(5):487-499
Until now, palaeoclimatic reconstructions for the major stages in the development of the Quaternary loess–palaeosol sequence on the Russian Plain have been based on pedological, palynological and faunal (vertebrates and molluscs) analyses. In order to demonstrate the palaeoclimatic influence on the magnetic properties of this sequence, the magnetic susceptibility signature of the Strelitsa type section in the Upper Don basin is compared with a detailed landscape – climate reconstruction of loess and soil from palynological data. Large amplitude fluctuations of palaeoclimate and palaeoenvironment are reflected clearly in the lithology and in the rock magnetic properties, which usually are enhanced in wet and warm interglacial periods, but stay at low levels during cold glacial epochs. Palynological climate zonation, however, is sometimes in conflict with the pedologic–magnetic record. Strong climate fluctuations, as indicated by changing pollen assemblages, are not always paralleled by corresponding changes in lithology and/or rock magnetic properties. Alternatively, light coloured illuvial horizons with low magnetic signal sometimes appear to have formed during early stages of interglacials, and the top parts of some palaeosols apparently formed during glacial stages. Copyright © 2000 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd. 相似文献
113.
Friedrich Hrz Mark J. Cintala Kathie L. Thomas‐Keprta Daniel K. Ross Simon J. Clemett 《Meteoritics & planetary science》2020,55(1):102-129
We shocked calcite in an unconfined environment by launching small marble cylinders at 0.8–5.5 km s?1 into aluminum or copper plates, producing shock stresses between 5 and 79 GPa. The resulting 5–20 mm craters contained intimately mixed clastic and molten projectile residues over the entire pressure range, with melting commencing already at 5 GPa. Stoichiometrically pure calcite melts were not observed as all melts contained target metal. Some of these residues were distinctly depleted in CO2 and some contained even tiny CaO crystals, thus illustrating partial to complete loss of CO2. We interpret a thin seam of finely crystalline calcite to be the product of back reactions between CaO and CO2. The amount of carbonate residue in these craters, especially those at low velocities (<2 km s?1), is dramatically less than that of silicate impactors in similar cratering experiments, and we suggest that this is due to substantial outgassing of CO2. Similarly, the volume of carbonate melts relative to the volume of limestone or dolomite in many terrestrial crater structures seems insignificant as well, as is the volume of carbonate melt compared to the volume of impact melts derived from silicates. These volume considerations suggest that volatilization of CO2 is the dominant process in carbonate‐containing targets. Because we have difficulties in explaining naturally occurring calcite melts by shock processes in dolomite‐dominated targets, we speculate—essentially via process of elimination—that such carbonate melt blebs might be condensation products from an impact‐produced vapor cloud. 相似文献
114.
Hartmut W. Hoeness Rudolf Mueller Erich W. Rodeck Friedrich B. Siebers 《Astrophysics and Space Science》1989,160(1-2):193-197
For about 20 years SCHOTT has been supplying the glass ceramic ZERODUR, a material with very low thermal expansion. Besides many other applications, ZERODUR is excellently suited for the manufacture of mirror substrates for telescopes. About 80% of all telescopes in the western world with mirror diameters >1.8 m have been equipped with ZERODUR during the last 10 years. The development of modern astronomical telescopes is aimed at larger primary mirrors and lighter secondary mirrors.New techniques have been developed by SCHOTT for manufacture of thin monolithic mirror blanks of more than 8 m in diameter. The development of thin meniscus shaped shells using the spin-casting technique was successfully completed last year. During a test production several mirror substrates up to 4.1 m in diameter and down to 57 mm in thickness could be produced. The know-how has been acquired for the fabrication of mirror substrates of more than 8 m in diameter by the spin-casting technique.SCHOTT has also performed considerable developmental work in the field of lightweighted ZERODUR mirror substrates which can be generated using different techniques: forming of the lightweighted structure during casting, fusion of individual components to a total structure and lightweighting of a massive block by various mechanical machining methods.Paper presented at the Symposium on the JNLT and Related Engineering Developments, Tokyo, November 29–December 2, 1988.Registered trademark of SCHOTT Glaswerke, Mainz. 相似文献
115.
A. Friedrich D. J. Wilson E. Haussühl B. Winkler W. Morgenroth K. Refson V. Milman 《Physics and Chemistry of Minerals》2007,34(3):145-157
The structural compression mechanism and compressibility of diaspore, AlO(OH), were investigated by in situ single-crystal
synchrotron X-ray diffraction at pressures up to 7 GPa using the diamond-anvil cell technique. Complementary density functional
theory based model calculations at pressures up to 40 GPa revealed additional information on the pressure-dependence of the
hydrogen-bond geometry and the vibrational properties of diaspore. A fit of a second-order Birch–Murnaghan equation of state
to the p–V data resulted in the bulk modulus B
0 = 150(3) GPa and B
0 = 150.9(4) GPa for the experimental and theoretical data, respectively, while a fit of a third-order Birch–Murnaghan equation
of state resulted in B
0 = 143.7(9) GPa with its pressure derivative B′ = 4.4(6) for the theoretical data. The compression is anisotropic, with the a-axis being most compressible. The compression of the crystal structure proceeds mainly by bond shortening, and particularly
by compression of the hydrogen bond, which crosses the channels of the crystal structure in the (001) plane, in a direction
nearly parallel to the a-axis, and hence is responsible for the pronounced compression of this axis. While the hydrogen bond strength increases with
pressure, a symmetrisation is not reached in the investigated pressure range up to 40 GPa and does not seem likely to occur
in diaspore even at higher pressures. The stretching frequencies of the O–H bond decrease approximately linearly with increasing
pressure, and therefore also with increasing O–H bond length and decreasing hydrogen bond length.
Electronic Supplementary Material The online version of this article () contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users. 相似文献
116.
117.
A large number of shock recovery experiments that address the ease of impact melt formation as a function of peak shock pressure lead to the conclusion that impacts at 5 km/sec into fragmental, porous surfaces will produce agglutinate-type glasses; no shock melts are produced at these velocities in dense silicate target rocks. While agglutinitic glasses dominate lunar surface soils, they are virtually absent in gas-rich, brecciated meteorites. This apparent paucity—if not complete lack—of agglutinate-type glasses is also inferred from remote IR-reflectance spectroscopy. The need to identify mechanisms that inhibit agglutinate formation on asteroidal sufaces was recognized previously and was predominantly attributed to lower projectile velocities and different gravitational environments.We will argue in this paper that additional mechanisms may be required. Specifically we propose that spall processes at a target's free surface play a major role in asteroidal surface evolution. At 5 km/sec collision velocity, a target (RT) to projectile (RP radius ratio of delineates the boundary between an “infinite half-space” and a “finite”-sized target. In the first case, collisional energy is expended in a pure cratering regime; in the latter, additional displacement of target material in the form of spallation products occurs. The spall volume may exceed the crater volume by an order of magnitude. Therefore fragmental impact deposits on small planetary bodies may be entirely controlled by spall products, rather than crater ejecta. Because tensile failure occurs at <0.2 GPa stress, spall velocities are measured in meters per second (contrary to crater ejecta) and therefore spallation products are efficiently retained even in low gravitational environments. Spall products are also more coarse grained than crater ejecta; they are also highly biased toward petrographically “unshocked” (<0.2 GPa) rocks.Thus asteroidal surface deposits should be more coarse grained and less shocked than lunar ones—consistent with meteorite evidence and remote-sensing observations. Because spall volume exceeds crater ejecta volume, the total growth rate of asteroidal surface deposits is accelerated, leading to relatively short surface residence times of individual meteorite components, another significant difference between lunar and asteroidal surface materials. 相似文献
118.
Summary The influence of surface heterogeneity on spatial distribution, temporal development, and on the domain-average of the ratio
between sensible and latent heat-flux (Bowen-ratio) is investigated for synthetic landscapes of differing degrees of surface
heterogeneity. In so doing, simulations are performed applying a 3-dimensional non-hydrostatic mesoscale model. The synthetic
landscapes consist of patches of sandy loam covered by mixed forest and loamy soil covered by grass. The results of the numerical experiments substantiate that land-surface distributions will non-linearly influence the Bowen-ratio
if patches of equal type exceed a certain size. Moreover, the heterogeneity of the upwind region may play a role. Similarity
coefficients show that the surface type dominating a landscape does not necessarily determine the mean Bowen-ratio representative
for this area. Thus, when applying the strategy of dominant surface type, the margin of error in the regional Bowen-ratio
depends on the horizontal resolution of the model or on available data.
Received April 21, 1999 Revised December 10, 1999 相似文献
119.
Marika Haupt Michael Friedrich Vladimir V. Shishov Tatjana Boettger 《Climatic change》2014,122(1-2):201-215
Tree-ring oxygen stable isotope data series from conifers growing on the Dachstein Plateau (Austrian Alps) were selected to demonstrate the applicability of the serial pooling method using shifted 5-year tree-ring blocks for summer temperature reconstruction. The addressed method allows the construction of long isotope chronologies with significant climate correlation and well preserved climate sensitivity applying the irreducible sample replication of five trees. The linear regression model for temperature reconstruction is verifiable and the predicted data are well correlated with instrumental data, especially reproducing the long-term temperature trend. However, the reduced mean variance leads to loss of extreme years, which can be regulated by the combination of one data series in annual resolution with five shifted 5-year block data series. This significantly improves the variance of the mean chronology, sufficiently to identify extremes. Therefore, we recommend the use of mixed data sets as a compromise between essential sample replication and economic considerations. 相似文献
120.
Gertrude Friedl Rob A. Cooke Friedrich Finger Neal J. McNaughton Ian R. Fletcher 《Mineralogy and Petrology》2011,102(1-4):63-75
In an attempt to better constrain the timing of Variscan HP-HT metamorphism in the SE Bohemian Massif we have dated zoned zircons from a garnet-kyanite granulite of granitic composition from the Dunkelsteiner Wald Massif, Lower Austria, by means of sensitive high-resolution ion microprobe (SHRIMP) technique. In order to combine isotopic information with crystal growth textures, CL and BSE images were systematically taken from the dated zircons. A characteristic threefold concentric zoning was found in many zircons. This involves pre-Variscan protolithic cores followed by two distinct metamorphic/anatectic overgrowth shells of Variscan age. The inner overgrowth shell is characterized by a weak CL but bright BSE signal, and yields high contents of uranium (0.1 to 0.2 wt.%). A pooled U-Pb Concordia age for this zone is 342.0?±?3.0?Ma (n?=?11, MSWD?=?0.12). The second, outer, overgrowth shell is always bright in the CL image, dark in the BSE image, and has generally low uranium contents (mostly <500?ppm). A pooled U-Pb Concordia age for this zone is 337.1?±?2.7?Ma (n?=?11, MSWD?=?0.22). These results imply that the Variscan HT crystallisation history of the Moldanubian granulites took place over a period of a few million years and was not an extremely rapid subduction-exhumation process. SHRIMP measurements in the protolithic cores yield a cluster of (sub)concordant ages between ??390 and 460?Ma and a few outliers at higher ages mostly represented by cores in cores. Core domains, which are large, homogeneous and with undisturbed igneous oscillatory zoning, yielded preferentially ages between 430 and 460?Ma. We therefore consider that granitic protolith formation took place at that time. The still older inner cores are interpreted as inherited into the granitic melt. 相似文献