全文获取类型
收费全文 | 484篇 |
免费 | 25篇 |
国内免费 | 6篇 |
专业分类
测绘学 | 1篇 |
大气科学 | 49篇 |
地球物理 | 138篇 |
地质学 | 170篇 |
海洋学 | 23篇 |
天文学 | 97篇 |
综合类 | 1篇 |
自然地理 | 36篇 |
出版年
2021年 | 6篇 |
2020年 | 7篇 |
2019年 | 8篇 |
2018年 | 11篇 |
2017年 | 11篇 |
2016年 | 15篇 |
2015年 | 11篇 |
2014年 | 14篇 |
2013年 | 23篇 |
2012年 | 16篇 |
2011年 | 18篇 |
2010年 | 16篇 |
2009年 | 20篇 |
2008年 | 18篇 |
2007年 | 14篇 |
2006年 | 22篇 |
2005年 | 17篇 |
2004年 | 19篇 |
2003年 | 18篇 |
2002年 | 14篇 |
2001年 | 14篇 |
2000年 | 9篇 |
1999年 | 9篇 |
1998年 | 5篇 |
1997年 | 4篇 |
1996年 | 10篇 |
1995年 | 10篇 |
1994年 | 3篇 |
1993年 | 5篇 |
1992年 | 5篇 |
1991年 | 7篇 |
1990年 | 6篇 |
1989年 | 3篇 |
1988年 | 5篇 |
1987年 | 7篇 |
1985年 | 7篇 |
1984年 | 10篇 |
1983年 | 9篇 |
1982年 | 4篇 |
1981年 | 3篇 |
1980年 | 6篇 |
1979年 | 9篇 |
1978年 | 7篇 |
1977年 | 5篇 |
1976年 | 6篇 |
1975年 | 8篇 |
1974年 | 6篇 |
1973年 | 12篇 |
1972年 | 3篇 |
1934年 | 3篇 |
排序方式: 共有515条查询结果,搜索用时 484 毫秒
441.
A method to reduce the spin-up time of ocean models 总被引:2,自引:2,他引:0
The spin-up timescale in large-scale ocean models, i.e., the time it takes to reach an equilibrium state, is determined by the slow processes in the deep ocean and is usually in the order of a few thousand years. As these equilibrium states are taken as initial states for many calculations, much computer time is spent in the spin-up phase of ocean model computations. In this note, we propose a new approach which can lead to a very large reduction in spin-up time for quite a broad class of existing ocean models. Our approach is based on so-called Jacobian–Free Newton–Krylov methods which combine Newton’s method for solving non-linear systems with Krylov subspace methods for solving large systems of linear equations. As there is no need to construct the Jacobian matrices explicitly the method can in principle be applied to existing explicit time-stepping codes. To illustrate the method we apply it to a 3D planetary geostrophic ocean model with prognostic equations only for temperature and salinity. We compare the new method to the ‘ordinary’ spin-up run for several model resolutions and find a considerable reduction of spin-up time. 相似文献
442.
Fred Rothauge 《Ground water》2018,56(3):360-360
443.
The fate of suspended sediment and particulate organic carbon in transit through the channels of a river catchment
下载免费PDF全文
![点击此处可从《水文研究》网站下载免费的PDF全文](/ch/ext_images/free.gif)
Fred Worrall Tim P. Burt Nicholas J.K. Howden Gregory R. Hancock John Wainwright 《水文研究》2018,32(1):146-159
Particulate organic matter (POM) transiting through rivers could be lost to overbank storage, stored in‐channel, added to by erosion or autochthonous production, or turned over to release greenhouse gases to the atmosphere (either while in the water column or while stored in the channel). In the UK, a net loss of POM across catchments has been recorded, and the aim here was to investigate the balances of processes acting on the POM. This study considered records of suspended sediment and POM flux in comparison to stream flow, velocity, stream power, and residence time for the River Trent (English Midlands, 8,231 km2). We show that for the lower two thirds (106 km) of the River Trent, 2% is lost to overbank storage; 10% is lost to the atmosphere in the water column; and 31% is turned over while in temporary storage. Permanent in‐channel storage is negligible, and for the lower course of the river, material stored in‐channel will have a residence time of the order of hundreds of days between the last flood hydrograph of one winter and the first winter storm of the next winter (usually in the same calendar year). When considered at the scale of the UK, 1% POM in transit would be lost to overbank sedimentation; 5% turned over in the water column, and 14% turned over while in temporary storage. In the upper third of the study river channel, there is insufficient stream power to transport sediment and so in‐channel storage or in‐channel turnover over to the atmosphere dominate. The in‐channel processes of the River Trent do not conform to that expected for river channels as the headwaters are not eroding or transporting sediment. Therefore, the source of sediment must be lower down the channel network. 相似文献
444.
A multi-envelope generalised coordinate system for numerical ocean modelling is introduced. In this system, computational levels are curved and adjusted to multiple ‘virtual bottoms’ (aka envelopes) rather than following geopotential levels or the actual bathymetry. This allows defining computational levels which are optimised to best represent different physical processes in different sub-domains of the model. In particular, we show how it can be used to improve the representation of tracer advection in the ocean interior. The new vertical system is compared with a widely used z-partial step scheme. The modelling skill of the models is assessed by comparison with the analytical solutions or results produced by a model with a very high-resolution z-level grid. Three idealised process-oriented numerical experiments are carried out. Experiments show that numerical errors produced by the new scheme are much smaller than those produced by the standard z-partial step scheme at a comparable vertical resolution. In particular, the new scheme shows superiority in simulating the formation of a cold intermediate layer in the ocean interior and in representing dense water cascading down a steep topography. 相似文献
445.
Changes in Projected Spatial and Seasonal Groundwater Recharge in the Upper Colorado River Basin
下载免费PDF全文
![点击此处可从《Ground water》网站下载免费的PDF全文](/ch/ext_images/free.gif)
The Colorado River is an important source of water in the western United States, supplying the needs of more than 38 million people in the United States and Mexico. Groundwater discharge to streams has been shown to be a critical component of streamflow in the Upper Colorado River Basin (UCRB), particularly during low‐flow periods. Understanding impacts on groundwater in the basin from projected climate change will assist water managers in the region in planning for potential changes in the river and groundwater system. A previous study on changes in basin‐wide groundwater recharge in the UCRB under projected climate change found substantial increases in temperature, moderate increases in precipitation, and mostly periods of stable or slight increases in simulated groundwater recharge through 2099. This study quantifies projected spatial and seasonal changes in groundwater recharge within the UCRB from recent historical (1950 to 2015) through future (2016 to 2099) time periods, using a distributed‐parameter groundwater recharge model with downscaled climate data from 97 Coupled Model Intercomparison Project Phase 5 (CMIP5) climate projections. Simulation results indicate that projected increases in basin‐wide recharge of up to 15% are not distributed uniformly within the basin or throughout the year. Northernmost subregions within the UCRB are projected an increase in groundwater recharge, while recharge in other mainly southern subregions will decline. Seasonal changes in recharge also are projected within the UCRB, with decreases of 50% or more in summer months and increases of 50% or more in winter months for all subregions, and increases of 10% or more in spring months for many subregions. 相似文献
446.
Abstract— This paper explores two processes, sweeping secular resonance (Ward, 1981) and gas drag (Lecar and Franklin, 1997), at work during the dispersal of the solar nebula. we have two aims not previously considered for the two mechanisms: (1) to explain the likely depletion, by a factor of 1000 or so, of the rocky material in the inner belt (2.0 < a < 3.2 AU); (2) to introduce a means for providing—or contributing to—the dispersion in semimajor axis of the various asteroidal taxonomic classes. We suggest that large asteroids with birthplaces separated by an astronomical unit or more can be finally deposited, owing to drag, at the same semimajor axis. For example, we find that bodies with radii up to 100 km can be transferred by gas drag from the outer belt (a > 3.3 AU) well into the inner one, and that an object already in the inner belt as large or even larger than Vesta (r = 250 km)—thought to be the parent body of many meteorites—can be inwardly displaced by as much as an astronomical unit if the nebula dispersal times lie close to 105 years. For such times, a large fraction of the inner belt's primordial mass can be ejected, with most of it passing into the inner solar system. 相似文献
447.
Richard B. Hoover Fred Hoyle N.C. Wickramasinghe Miriam J. Hoover S. Al-Mufti 《Astrophysics and Space Science》1999,268(1-3):197-224
There exists a close correspondence between the measured infrared properties of diatoms and the infrared spectrum of interstellar dust as observed in the Trapezium nebula and toward the galactic center source GC-IRS 7. Diatoms and bacteria also exhibit an absorbance peak near 2200 Å, which is found to agree with the observed ultraviolet absorbance properties of interstellar grains. We review the observational data and consider the known properties of diatoms and bacteria. It is suggested that these characteristics are consistent with the concept of acosmic microbiological system in which these or similar microorganisms might exist on comets, Europa and in interstellar space. 相似文献
448.
The often poor quality of ocean bottom seismic data, particularly that observed on horizontal seismometers, is shown to be the result of instruments responding to motions in ways not intended. Instruments designed to obtain the particle motion of the ocean bottom are found to also respond to motions of the water. The shear discontinuity across the ocean floor boundary results in torques that cause package rotation, rather than rectilinear motion, in response to horizontal ground or water motion. The problems are exacerbated by bottom currents and soft sediments. The theory and data presented in this paper suggest that the only reliable way of obtaining high fidelity particle motion data from the ocean floor is to bury the sensors below the bottom in a package with density close to that of the sediment. Long period signals couple well to ocean bottom seismometers, but torques generated by bottom currents can cause noise at both long and short periods. The predicted effects are illustrated using parameters appropriate for the operational OBS developed for the U. S. Office of Naval Research. Examples of data from ocean bottom and buried sensors are also presented. 相似文献
449.
Fred Hoyle 《Astrophysics and Space Science》1984,100(1-2):293-300
When the V/Vm test is appropriately applied to a recently-published list of bright QSO's the result is closely consistent with the local hypothesis of the nature of QSO's. When an appropriate plot of these QSO's is made in a redshift-magnitude diagram there is no evidence of the density of points increasing reciprocally with flux, as it must do according to the cosmological theory. This new data, therefore, confirms the disproof of the cosmological theory given in Cardiff Preprint No. 88. 相似文献
450.
By following a simple set of rules, a flow net can be manually constructed to obtain a graphical solution to the Laplace equation for simple two‐dimensional (2‐D) flow problems. With the advent of numerical solutions such as the finite difference and finite element methods, it is more common to generate a flow net automatically using the nodal head and flow values output by the computer program. Two methods have been published for automatically generating flow nets from finite element solutions: the stream‐function method and the particle‐tracking method. The stream‐function method works well for many cases, but it does not work for problems with holes in the mesh or internal sources or sinks. The particle‐tracking method works for all cases, but previously published algorithms that utilize this method do not result in the properly sized flow channels. A new approach is presented in this paper that is a hybrid of the stream‐function and particle‐tracking approaches. This method works for all cases and generates the properly sized flow channels. Copyright © 2001 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd. 相似文献