大变化时代的地图学EI北大核心CSCD

当前,地图学同其他科学(如地理学)一样处在一个大变革时代。在地图学不断进步的同时,也出现了各种各样的“思潮”或“观点”,地图学是否被边缘化了?地图学应该向何处去?这是测绘地理信息学界和业界都十分关心的问题。本文首先简要梳理了地图学发展的历史进程,回顾了地图学史上的三次崛起,不忘过去才能继往开来,回顾地图学的历史是为了让地图学更好地走向未来;其次,从地图学学科体系、地图设计的新理念新思维和新方法、智能地图制图综合及多尺度级联更新、地图的社会影响力、地图学发展的不竭动力等方面,分析了当代地图学的发展成就;然后,强调了地图哲学思维对地图学创新发展的引领作用,侧重分析了人工智能推动地图学发展、时空大数据可视化及可视化设计的研究重点等;最后,分析认为,地图学必将沿着高度分化和高度综合的整体化方向快速发展,地图学再度崛起是时代之大势。     

地面沉降对高速铁路的影响分析

北京平原区快速发展的地面沉降对高速铁路的发展构成了威胁,地面沉降与过量开采地下水造成的水位下降关系密切,为此有针对性地开展基于高速铁路的地下水动态与地面沉降相关关系研究对于高铁安全运行意义重大,特别是对于制定高铁沿线地下水开采方案、地面沉降减缓措施和工程措施至关重要。基于其对高速铁路的影响模式,本文将地面沉降分为区域沉降和局部沉降两种类型。针对区域沉降,利用Logistic方程,使用天竺、望京及王四营分层地面沉降和地下水位数据,构建了不同层位地下水水位变化与地面沉降之间的相关关系模型,通过ABAQUS计算局部地区,对于6m高路堤和15m CFG桩处理深度的地基而言,当渗透系数k=2m／d,距离线路边缘25m处浅层地下水下降10m将产生约61—85mm的沉降。     

基于新疆准东基地水源地地下水开采方案的数值模拟

为探究新疆准东基地水源地地下水开采量可实行方案与地下水水位下降状况,采用Processing MODFLOW软件,对项目区进行地下水数值模拟研究。经过模拟流场形态与观测值以及对地下水动态进行拟合,提取地下水梯度场、降速场与实测资料进行对比分析。总结得出符合该地区地下水变化的地下水开采量方案。研究表明该水源地地下水开采实施方案符合该地区水资源长期发展。     

新疆谢米斯台地区小岩体型矿化遥感探测

中酸性小岩体易被地质填图遗漏,严重制约了该类型矿化的发现。在新疆西准噶尔谢米斯台地区找矿工作中,首先利用ETM+数据进行小岩体扫面,进而选取重点区采用ETM+和中巴资源卫星02B HR数据进行分辨率融合后解译、识别中酸性小岩体,并利用主成分分析法提取蚀变遥感异常,结合地质、化探信息综合分析后确定重点检查区域。利用此方法共解译出14个钾质花岗岩和3个黑云母花岗岩小岩体,这些小岩体大多被野外检查所证实。经野外检查发现了5处铜、金矿化点,证实了该方法的有效性。本研究中采用的方法可以为西部地区地质填图和中酸性小岩体型矿产资源勘查提供借鉴。     

晋冀低山丘陵区人工扰动植被花粉组合特征

54个晋冀低山丘陵区人工和人工扰动植被表土花粉样品分析表明:花粉组合以草本植物花粉(74.5％)为主,乔木花粉含量低于20％。人类活动较强的农田以谷物禾本科、蒿属和藜科花粉为主,人类活动较弱的荒地以蒿属、藜科和杂草禾本科花粉为主。人类活动强度不同,指示种不同,孢粉浓度亦不同;农田指示种为谷物禾本科、葡萄科和胡桃科,孢粉浓度约4380粒/g;而蒿属、蓼科和蔷薇科则为荒地指示种,孢粉浓度约10983粒/g。农作物种植方式不同,谷物禾本科花粉含量不同,单一禾本科作物种植区谷物禾本科花粉含量(40.2％)高于多种作物混作区(18.8％)和荒地(3.8％)的含量。谷物禾本科含量的变化可以为利用化石花粉提取和检测人类活动信息提供依据,也可为利用地层中谷物禾本科花粉判断古代农业活动提供依据。     

辽西花坤头营子地区旋卷构造特征浅析

辽宁西部花坤头营子地区旋卷构造是板块碰撞陆内造山作用结果.该构造由内环、外环及推覆体三部分组成.内环为一个完整的莲花状构造体系,由中心向外,岩石地层单位呈一圈一圈的,由老向新排列.外环为以雾迷山组为主体的北东向的瓦房子复背斜核部.内环与外环以塌陷断层、旋转挤压断层分隔.与该构造有关的矿产有铅锌、锰矿.     

测井曲线特征在贵州省兴达井田煤岩层对比中的应用

贵州兴达井田含煤9-17层,其中K1、K2、K3、K4四层煤较稳定,为主要可采煤层。依据钻孔资料,分析测井曲线形态与煤层顶底板以及上下标志层间的组合关系,对井田的煤岩层进行了对比。该井田K1煤层常分叉为K1上、K1下两个分层,其直接顶板高视电阻率异常,三叠系至K1煤层组间自上而下的缓坡状视电阻率曲线形态与自然伽马幅值相对较高的组合特征可作为二叠系含煤地层与三叠系地层划分依据;K2煤层位于龙潭组顶部,下距长兴组灰岩标志层10m左右,煤层本身高伽马异常;K3、K4煤层及其底板具较高的自然伽马特征。     

Investigating soil thermodynamic parameters of the active layer on the northern Qinghai-Tibetan Plateau

The soil thermodynamic parameters, including thermal conductivity, diffusivity and volumetric capacity within the active layer on the northern Tibetan Plateau, were calculated using the measured data of soil temperature gradient, heat flux, and moisture at four stations from October 2003 to September 2004. The results showed that the soil thermodynamic parameters exhibited clear seasonal fluctuation. The thermal conductivity and diffusivity in summer and autumn at Beiluhe, Kexinling, and Tongtianhe were larger than those in winter. The volumetric thermal capacity causes an opposite change; it was larger in autumn and winter than in summer. In spring, the soil thermal conductivity at the Kekexili station was larger than that in summer. Generally, fine-grained soils and lower saturation degrees in the topsoil might be a reason for the lower soil thermal conductivity in winter. For a given soil, soil moisture was the main factor influencing the thermodynamic parameters. The unfrozen water content that existed in frozen soils greatly affected the soil thermal conductivity, whose contribution rate was estimated to be 55 %. The thermodynamic parameters of frozen soils could be expressed as a function of soil temperature, volumetric ice content and soil salinity, while for the unfrozen ground the soil moisture content is the dominant factor for those thermal parameters. As for the soil thermal diffusivity, there exists a critical value of soil moisture content. When the soil moisture content becomes less than a critical value, the soil thermal diffusivity increases as the soil moisture content rises.     

The calculation of mine water yield using the non-continuous flow theory

Large amounts of groundwater are discharged during underground mining operations. As a result, the drawdown of groundwater, known as aquifer dewatering, is common in mining areas. Because of variability in permeability between different media in mines, mine drainage occurs primarily as non-continuous flow. However, calculations of mine water yield are usually made based on the continuous flow theory, and therefore often produce erroneous results. This study predicts the water yield of a mine using the module MODFLOW and incorporating the non-continuous flow theory into the calculation. Using this method, the predicted water yield of a mine was approximately 50 % lower than that predicted using the continuous flow theory. The model also demonstrates that the rate of mine drainage varies over time; there is initially a decrease in the rate of drainage which gradually approaches a constant value. Double level flow occurs when there is non-continuous flow in continuous media, which can effectively minimize the influence of mine drainage on upper aquifers and relieve the conflict between groundwater supply and drainage in the mining area.     

Exploring the effects of data quality,data worth,and redundancy of CO2 gas pressure and saturation data on reservoir characterization through PEST inversion

This study examined the impacts of reservoir properties on carbon dioxide (CO₂) migration after subsurface injection and evaluated the possibility of characterizing reservoir properties using CO₂ monitoring data such as spatial–temporal distributions of gas pressure, which can be reasonably monitored in practice. The injection reservoir was assumed to be located 1,400–1,500 m below the ground surface such that CO₂ remained in the supercritical state. The reservoir was assumed to contain layers with alternating conductive and resistive properties, which is analogous to actual geological formations such as the Mount Simon Sandstone unit. The CO₂ injection simulation used a cylindrical grid setting in which the injection well was situated at the center of the domain, which extended out 8,000 m from the injection well. The CO₂ migration was simulated using the latest version of the simulator, subsurface transport over multiple phases (the water–salt–CO₂–energy module), developed by Pacific Northwest National Laboratory. A nonlinear parameter estimation and optimization modeling software package, Parameter ESTimation (PEST), is adopted for automated reservoir parameter estimation. The effects of data quality, data worth, and data redundancy were explored regarding the detectability of reservoir parameters using gas pressure monitoring data, by comparing PEST inversion results using data with different levels of noises, various numbers of monitoring wells and locations, and different data collection spacing and temporal sampling intervals. This study yielded insight into the use of CO₂ monitoring data for reservoir characterization and how to design the monitoring system to optimize data worth and reduce data redundancy. The feasibility of using CO₂ saturation data for improving reservoir characterization was also discussed.