Spatiotemporal correlation in WebGIS group-user intensive access patterns

Group-user intensive access to WebGIS exhibits spatiotemporal behaviour patterns with aggregation features and regularity distributions when geospatial data are accessed repeatedly over time and aggregated in certain spatial areas. We argue that these observable group-user access patterns provide a foundation for improved optimization of WebGIS so that it can respond to volume intensive requests with a higher quality of service and improve performance. Subsequently, a measure of access popularity distribution must precisely reflect the access aggregation and regularity features found in group-user intensive access. In our research, we considered both the temporal distribution characteristics and spatial correlation in the access popularity of tiled geospatial data (tiles). Based on the observation that group-user access follows a Zipf-like law, we built a tile-access popularity distribution based on time-sequence, to express the access aggregation of group-users with heavy-tailed characteristics. Considering the spatial locality of user-browsed tiles, we built a quantitative expression for the correlation between tile-access popularities and the distances to hotspot tiles, reflecting the attenuation of tile-access popularity to distance. Moreover, given the geographical spatial dependency and scale attribute of tiles, and the time-sequence of tile-access popularity, we built a Poisson regression model to express the degree of correlation among the accesses to adjacent tiles at different scales, reflecting the spatiotemporal correlation in tile access patterns. Experiments verify the accuracy of our Poisson regression model, which we then applied to a cluster-based cache-prefetching scenario. The results show that our model successfully reflects the spatiotemporal aggregation features of group-user intensive access and group-user behaviour patterns in WebGIS. The refined mathematical method in our model represents a time-sequence distribution of intensive access to tiles and the spatial aggregation and correlation in access to tiles at different scales, quantitatively expressing group-user spatiotemporal behaviour patterns with aggregation features and a regular distribution. Our proposed model provides a precise and empirical basis for performance-optimization strategies in WebGIS services, such as planning computing resource allocation and utilization, distributed storage of geospatial data, and providing distributed services so as to respond rapidly to geospatial data requests, thus addressing the challenges of volume-intensive user access.     

“ 中欧班列”陆路运输腹地范围测算与枢纽识别

自“一带一路”战略实施以来,中国各地政府大力推进中欧国际班列运输,试图改变传统的对外贸易运输体系,强化提升新欧亚大陆桥运输作用。然而,设施联通、运输价格、货源及复杂的地缘政治环境等问题仍然是制约中欧班列发展的重要因素。为此,本文在分析“中欧班列”运营现状及存在问题基础上,提出实现其高频率常态运营的“轴-辐”运输组织模式。通过构建高、中、低三种运价方案,利用距离—经济成本分析法划分“中欧班列”主要出境口岸的经济腹地范围;并综合考虑各城市的铁路技术指标、集疏运能力和货源—成本等因素,从全国尺度识别出“中欧班列”组织的枢纽城市。     

Observed particle sizes and fluxes of Aeolian sediment in the near surface layer during sand-dust storms in the Taklamakan Desert

Monitoring, modeling and predicting the formation and movement of dust storms across the global deserts has drawn great attention in recent decades. Nevertheless, the scarcity of real-time observations of the wind-driven emission, transport and deposition of dusts has severely impeded progress in this area. In this study, we report an observational analysis of sand-dust storm samples collected at seven vertical levels from an 80-m-high flux tower located in the hinterland of the great Taklamakan Desert for ten sand-dust storm events that occurred during 2008–2010. We analyzed the vertical distribution of sandstorm particle grain sizes and horizontal sand-dust sediment fluxes from the near surface up to 80 m high in this extremely harsh but highly representative environment. The results showed that the average sandstorm grain size was in the range of 70 to 85 μm. With the natural presence of sand dunes and valleys, the horizontal dust flux appeared to increase with height within the lower surface layer, but was almost invariant above 32 m. The average flux values varied within the range of 8 to 14 kg m^?2 and the vertical distribution was dominated by the wind speed in the boundary layer. The dominant dust particle size was PM₁₀₀ and below, which on average accounted for 60–80 % of the samples collected, with 0.9–2.5 % for PM_0–2.5, 3.5–7.0 % for PM_0–10, 5.0–14.0 % for PM_0–20 and 20.0–40.0 % for PM_0–50. The observations suggested that on average the sand-dust vertical flux potential is about 0.29 kg m^?2 from the top of the 80 m tower to the upper planetary boundary layer and free atmosphere through the transport of particles smaller than PM₂₀. Some of our results differed from previous measurements from other desert surfaces and laboratory wind-dust experiments, and therefore provide valuable observations to support further improvement of modeling of sandstorms across different natural environmental conditions.     

江汉和江南西部春玉米涝渍指标及风险评估

以江汉和江南西部地区春玉米为研究对象,利用研究区域内57个气象站1961-2012年的逐日降水量资料、春玉米生育期资料和春玉米涝渍灾情资料,筛选春玉米不同生育时期的涝渍灾害样本。采用多元线性回归分析方法,定量分析当前过程降水量和前期降水量对春玉米涝渍灾害的影响,并据此构建当量降水量。基于正态分布的Lilliefors检验和t-分布区间估计方法,计算不同生育时期、不同等级涝渍灾害的当量降水量指标阈值,由此构建该区域春玉米不同生育时期的涝渍灾害等级指标并进行独立样本验证。在此基础上,利用信息扩散理论风险评估方法,计算各站点的春玉米涝渍致灾风险指数。结果表明:当前过程降水量和前2旬降水量对该区域春玉米涝渍灾害有显著性影响;构建的区域春玉米涝渍等级指标能够较好地反映实际受灾情况,指标验证结果与历史记录有较高一致性;出苗-拔节期和拔节-抽雄期发生春玉米涝渍灾害的风险相对较低,抽雄-成熟期为春玉米涝渍灾害的高风险时期,高风险区域主要位于湖北省恩施市、宜昌市西南部、荆州市西南部以及湖南省张家界市北部。     

策勒沙漠-绿洲输沙及动力环境特征

利用2012年4月9日—5月9日策勒沙漠和绿洲内部测点的输沙及气象资料,分析了沙漠与绿洲内部沙尘传输的差异性,并从风动力环境上揭示了成因。结果表明:(1)观测期间,通过沙漠测点100 cm(宽)×200 cm(高)断面的沙尘总量为117.5 kg,通过绿洲内部棉田相同断面的沙尘总量为15.1 kg,比沙漠测点减少了87.1%;(2)过渡带和防护林带对风速的消减作用明显,观测期间,沙漠测点起沙风的持续时间为97.4 h,棉田测点仅为18.9 h;(3)观测期间,沙漠测点的总输沙势为114.2 VU,合成输沙势为72.8 VU,合成输沙方向为65.5°;棉田测点的总输沙势为16.1 VU,合成输沙势为15.1 VU,合成输沙方向为104.5°。荒漠过渡带和绿洲防护林通过降低绿洲内部的风速,改变动力环境,削弱沙尘在绿洲区的传输。     

DSC2型称重式降水传感器典型故障维修

称重式降水传感器已经在全国地面观测站中广泛应用,承担着冬季降水量的观测任务,为冬季降水量预报和服务提供观测资料。北京市气象局目前使用的126套称重降水传感器中,DSC2型称重式降水传感器占90%。本文根据对DSC2型称重式降水传感器的研究,重点介绍了其基本原理和数据质控算法,并针对其在实际运行中出现的两类常见故障进行分析,介绍对应的判断方法与解决思路,最后提出DSC2称重式降水传感器日常维护注意事项,以减少相关设备发生故障。     

东北现象再解析和东北振兴预判研究——对影响国土空间开发保护格局变化稳定因素的初探

从“东北现象”的新近表现,提出影响国土空间开发保护格局变化的3个稳定因素：资源环境承载能力、地缘关系、文化和体制机制。分别对3个稳定因素在东北地区的特征状况进行了解析,结果表明东北资源环境承载能力本底强,但开发利用效益不佳,突出表现在优化开发区和重点开发区面积过小、限制性开发区收益较低、资源环境承载力预警超载低;位于全球三大经济圈之一的东北亚核心区,地缘优势突出,但未能转换为经济优势,突出表现为外向型经济比重过小、对日韩贸易地位不凸显;文化和体制机制成为限制东北地区发展的核心障碍,突出表现在产业结构不合理、国有经济比重过高。以五大发展理念为指引,结合东北振兴的问题导向,着重对东北地区提高科技创新能力解决发展驱动力的转型、创新国有企业改革模式和促进多种所有制经济协调发展、围绕“一带一路”战略实现开放经济的转型以及腾出国内市场促进东北优势产业继续保持活力、以共享发展理念消除城市贫困增进东北地区民生福祉、采取经济社会生态效益相统一的原则实现东北地区按照主体功能定位进行发展等开展预判研究。     

基于环境因素约束的农户土地利用效率及影响因素分析 ——以河南省粮食生产核心区为例

在农户土地利用引起的环境问题日益严重的背景下,如果农户土地利用效率的测度只考虑“好”产出,而忽略“非意欲”的环境产出,可能造成测度结果不准确。因此,将“非意欲”产出引入农户土地利用效率评价模型,利用河南省粮食生产核心区农户抽样调查数据测度环境因素约束下的农户土地利用效率,并探讨其效率状况及影响因素。主要的结论如下：① 调查区域环境因素约束下的农户土地利用效率平均值仅为0.612,效率值总体不高,有较大的提升空间。不同规模农户的土地利用效率差异较大,二者呈现“U型”变化趋势。② 环境因素约束下的农户土地利用效率的影响因素来自多个方面。其中,农户生计方式兼业化在一定程度上降低了环境约束下的农户土地利用效率;种植结构调整虽然能够增加农户农业收入,但不利于环境因素约束下的农户土地利用效率的提升;农地经营规模扩大对环境约束下的农户土地利用效率产生正面影响,但现实中普遍存在的小规模化经营和土地细碎化消减了正面影响。土地产权的稳定性能够提升环境约束下的农户土地利用效率,但无论是集体土地产权还是承包经营权以及农户间非正式的土地流转产权关系稳定性较差,不利于环境约束下的农户土地利用效率的提高。     

深空探测科学仪器研究进展

深空探测是对宇宙中地球以外的行星、卫星、小行星和彗星等星体或空间环境的探测活动.合理选择深空探测科学仪器,了解被测星体的物理及化学性质、地表地貌、动态特性以及有机物和水的存在,对人类了解地外水和生命信息、认识太阳系的起源和演化有着重要意义,是深空探测的重要任务.本文总结了深空探测的科学目标,介绍了近50年来典型深空探测任务中探测器所搭载的科学仪器及其特点,包括质谱仪、光谱仪、探地雷达和磁力计等,整理了其性能参数及面向的探测功能任务,最后讨论了深空探测科学仪器目前呈现出的小型化、低功耗、更强的环境适应能力和多仪器联合使用的发展趋势.     

Erratum to: Automatic calibration for wobble errors in shallow water multibeam bathymetries

Journal of Oceanology and Limnology -