Experimental study of poromechanical behavior of saturated claystone under triaxial compression

This paper presents experimental results of drained and undrained triaxial compression tests of saturated Meuse–Haute/Marne claystone. The emphasis is to study the evolution of pore pressure with growth of microcracks and the effect of pore pressure on mechanical behavior. Basic mechanical responses are first investigated through drained triaxial compression tests, showing nonlinear stress strain relations, volumetric dilatancy and pressure sensitivity. In undrained triaxial compression tests, the pore pressure exhibits a transition from increase to decrease due to the transition from volumetric compressibility to dilatancy caused by the growth of microcracks. The failure surfaces, determined by total stress and Terzaghi’s effective stress under undrained condition, are compared with the one under drained condition.     

Site selection in municipal solid waste management with extended VIKOR method under fuzzy environment

Nowadays, selection of the suitable disposal site in municipal solid waste (MSW) management has become a challenge task for the municipal authorities, especially in fast-growing areas. Site selection can be viewed as a complicated multi-criteria decision-making (MCDM) problem requiring consideration of multiple alternative solutions and conflicting quantitative and qualitative criteria. In this paper, linguistic variables, which can be expressed as trapezoidal fuzzy numbers, are used to assess the ratings and weights for the selection criteria. The ordered weighted averaging operator is utilized to transform the fuzzy decision matrix into crisp values considering the decision maker’s attitudinal character. For selecting the best site, the extended VIsekriterijumska optimizacija i KOmpromisno Resenje (VIKOR) method is applied to determine the priority ranking of alternatives. As a result, a hierarchy MCDM model based on fuzzy set theory and VIKOR method is proposed to deal with the site selection problems in the MSW management system. An empirical study in Shanghai, China, is provided and comparison with the existing approach is conducted to illustrate the applicability and benefits of the proposed method.     

安徽姑山矿浆型铁矿床Fe同位素初步研究

文章报道了宁芜矿集区内姑山矿浆型铁矿床中的铁氧化物、辉石闪长玢岩和赋矿围岩的Fe同位素组成,其δ57Fe的总体分布范围为-0.05‰~0.79‰。结果显示,姑山铁矿床的铁氧化物赤铁矿和镜铁矿均比硅酸盐岩浆结晶产物(辉石闪长岩)富集重的Fe同位素,并且硅酸盐岩浆的Fe同位素组成比已报道的火山岩的平均Fe同位素组成更富集轻的Fe同位素,表明在岩浆不混溶的过程中Fe同位素发生了分馏,富铁熔体相对富集重的Fe同位素,而硅酸盐熔体相对富集轻的Fe同位素;相对于赋矿地层(黄马青组石英砂岩)和辉石闪长玢岩,赤铁矿和镜铁矿更富集重的Fe同位素,围岩地层和闪长岩岩体则富集轻的Fe同位素。因此,姑山铁矿床的铁质不大可能来自于地层或闪长玢岩岩体,而主要来源于深部岩浆房。     

中国内生钼矿床辉钼矿的微量元素特征研究

近年来,金属硫化物微量元素研究取得了重大进展,但主要局限于少数常见的硫化物,如黄铁矿。辉钼矿作为内生金属矿床最常见的金属硫化物之一,目前对其微量元素的研究成果还很少,对微量元素的赋存状态及其揭示的成因意义还不明。文章尝试性地对中国57个内生独立钼矿床或共伴生钼矿床中的辉钼矿进行了ICP_MS微量元素分析。结合元素的地球化学性质及前人的研究成果,认为除Re、Os等少数元素可成类质同象存在于辉钼矿中以外,推测大部分微量元素可能以固溶体出溶、机械混入物或流体包裹体等形式存在于辉钼矿中。各矿床中辉钼矿微量元素相对于中国陆壳富集Cu、Zn、Pb、W等常见的成矿元素,暗示不同地质环境下不同时代和矿床类型的成钼流体搬运的成矿元素具有一致性和普遍性,这是造成钼多金属矿床金属元素矿化分带的基础。辉钼矿的主要微量元素呈对数正相关,受矿床类型和产出环境影响不大;辉钼矿Co/Ni比值多数1,集中于0.01~0.57,不同矿床类型的Co/Ni比值具有一定规律性:当w(Co)30μg/g时,斑岩型和矽卡岩型矿床中辉钼矿的Ni含量比较稳定;当w(Co)30μg/g时,Ni含量比较高;石英脉型矿床的Co/Ni比值变化较大,且小于斑岩型矿床的Co/Ni比值。在内生金属矿床中,辉钼矿主要形成于还原性环境中,但石英脉型矿床的形成条件与斑岩型矿床相比,其氧化性明显增强。根据分析结果和前人研究成果,推测成钼流体应为富CO2和Cl-(个别还富含F-)以及部分还原性气体成分(H2、CO、CH4等)的成矿流体。     

Assessment of spatio-temporal variations in vegetation recovery after the Wenchuan earthquake using Landsat data

The 8.0-magnitude Wenchuan earthquake in 2008 damaged the ecology of northwestern Sichuan, China. This study assessed ecological changes within a few years of the earthquake through satellite observations of vegetation dynamics in the earthquake area. As an ecological indicator, the fractional vegetation cover was extracted using the Normalized Difference Vegetation Index based on multi-year Landsat images and was validated using airborne images. We found that the entire mountainous disaster area had recovered by 68.45 % 3 years after the 2008 earthquake. After rapid recovery of vegetation in 2009, the recovery process slowed. The vegetation recovery rate (VRR) in the area heavily damaged by landslides was slightly lower but nearly that of the entire disaster area. In addition, because of differences in the proportions of soil and rock in the damaged areas, recovery of vegetation in the southwest portion of the study area was slower than in the northeast areas. Topographic analysis of vegetation recovery patterns indicated that damage to vegetation was closely related to slope, while recovery of vegetation was more sensitive to elevation. The landscape analysis showed that the recovery rate (65.21 %) of the excellent vegetation cover type was slower than the overall VRR. This study suggests that vegetation recovery is a slow ecological process and that ecological restoration should be implemented in mountainous regions affected by the earthquake.     

松嫩平原东部浅层地下水水化学特征及水质评价

针对松嫩平原东部浅层地下水环境特征及存在的问题,利用该区地下水水质检测数据进行了水化学特征分析,利用1983年、1993年、2003年及2012年四个时段的地下水水质资料进行了对比分析,水质出现了明显的变化,在此基础上采用支持向量机法进行了水质现状评价。结果表明:第四系潜水及承压水中Fe、Mn含量较高,总硬度最大值1321.12mg/L,溶解性总固体最大值2214.45mg/L,水化学类型均为矿化度不大于1.5g/L的HCO3-Ca型水。NO3-、NH4+、Cl-、SO42-的含量呈现逐年增加的趋势,同时也出现了原来没有的酚、Cr6+等有毒物质。潜水Ⅰ、Ⅱ、Ⅲ类水样点占总样本的12.03%,Ⅳ、Ⅴ类水占总样本的87.97%。承压水Ⅰ、Ⅱ、Ⅲ类水占总样本的10.83%,Ⅳ、Ⅴ类水占总样本的89.17%。该方法评价结果与综合指数法结果一致率达95%,因此,评价结果可为该区水资源管理提供科学指导。     

云南干旱“常态化”的分析

近年来云南持续发生严重干旱,云南干旱是否日趋"常态化"成为社会各界关心的一个热点问题,相关报道不断见诸媒体。本文从水文的角度对云南省的历史干旱、水文要素以及趋势预测等方面进行了深入的分析。在历史依据和现代气象水文观测数据的支撑下,考察近100年来全球增暖可能导致部分地区干旱化的可能,从而认为近年来提出的云南干旱"常态化"存在科学依据;但干旱"常态化"仅能局限于近现代时期这一时间范畴,对于今后更长时期云南省干旱发展趋势,依据现有技术手段及研究成果尚难以判断把握。     

黑龙江平顶山金矿赋矿花岗岩锆石U-Pb年龄、Hf同位素特征及其地质意义

平顶山金矿床位于佳木斯地块与松嫩地块的衔接处北端,地处中亚造山带的东段。前人对该矿床的岩(矿)石物理化学特征及地质特征已进行了研究,但对与成矿密切相关的花岗岩缺乏系统的岩石学、地球化学和高精度年代学等方面的研究。本次研究通过锆石的LA-ICP-MS U-Pb定年、Hf同位素示踪以及全岩的主、微量元素测试,探讨了平顶山金矿区赋矿花岗岩的源区特征、形成机制和构造背景。矿区花岗岩包括早期的浅色中粒二长花岗岩和稍晚期的细粒黑云母二长花岗岩,两期花岗岩的锆石U-Pb年龄分别为271.7±2.3 Ma和249.8±3.3Ma,对应的εHf(t)为-4.17～-0.58和-4.98～-0.49,两阶段平均模式年龄tDM2分别为1432 Ma、1457Ma,原始岩浆可能来源于中元古代增生的壳源物质的重熔。两期花岗岩均以高碱(Na2O+K2O)、富Al2O3、富集LREE和LILE(Rb、Ba、Th、U和K)、低MgO、贫HREE和HFSE(Nb、Ta、P和Ti)为特征,属高钾钙碱性系列的准铝质/过铝质I型花岗岩,代表了火山弧-同碰撞环境。结合中亚造山带东段构造演化历史,我们认为平顶山金矿的花岗岩可能是古亚洲洋向北俯冲、闭合、华北克拉通与佳-蒙陆块碰撞产物。     

斑岩-矽卡岩型矿床成矿作用过程中的Cu同位素地球化学行为初步研究：以冬瓜山矿床为例

本文初步报道了长江中下游铜陵矿集区内冬瓜山斑岩-矽卡岩型Cu-Au矿中硫化物、石英闪长岩体和赋矿围岩的Cu同位素组成特征。其中,硫化物的δ65Cu变化范围为-0.54‰~0.95‰,变化范围较大,可达1.5‰,表明高温成矿体系下铜同位素发生分馏,铜同位素具有示踪高温成矿作用过程的潜力。不同空间位置的黄铜矿的铜同位素组成呈现出空间分带特征,表现为从岩体→斑岩型矿体→近岩体矽卡岩→矽卡岩型矿体,随着远离岩体,黄铜矿的铜同位素组成逐渐变重。导致斑岩-矽卡岩型矿床铜同位素出现空间分带的主要原因是矿化过程中铜同位素发生分馏。并且,对于冬瓜山矿床来讲,导致铜同位素组成空间分带的分馏不是发生在Cu在气-液两相之间分配的过程中,而是发生在硫化物从流体中沉淀出来的过程中。在硫化物的沉淀过程中,铜的重同位素优先在流体中富集,轻同位素在沉淀中富集,随着流体向外迁移,硫化物沉淀的进行,残余热液流体会逐渐富集铜的重同位素。硫化物的铜同位素组成可以用来反演和指示成矿流体的迁移方向。     

中国钼矿资源特征及其成矿规律概要

中国钼矿资源丰富,是我国的优势矿种之一.近年来钼矿找矿成果突出,钼矿在我国遍地开花,呈现出“面型”分布的特征.从地理分布上看,总体集中在中国东部地区,其中河南省钼储量居首;从矿床规模看,查明的超大型钼矿床约占全国钼资源量的53％,大型钼矿床约占30％,中型钼矿床约占14％,小型钼矿床和钼矿(化)点仅占约3％;从矿床类型来看,主要有斑岩型、矽卡岩型、热液(脉)型和沉积(变质)型,分别占钼总资源量的85.75％,8.83％,2.79％,2.63％.根据辉钼矿Re-Os同位素年龄将中国钼成矿期划分为六个阶段:前寒武纪(＞800Ma)、寒武纪—志留纪(540～415Ma,加里东期)、泥盆纪—二叠纪(400～290Ma,海西期)、三叠纪(260～200Ma、印支期)、侏罗纪—白垩纪(195～70Ma、燕山期)和古近纪—新近纪(65～10Ma、喜马拉雅期),其中燕山期是最主要的成矿期,形成了约76.69％钼资源,其次为喜马拉雅期.本文初步总结了中国钼矿的时空分布特征及其成矿规律,将全国钼矿划分为41个Ⅲ级成钼带,13个Ⅱ级成钼省,4个Ⅰ级成钼域,建立了中国钼矿成矿谱系,探讨了不同类型钼矿的时空演化、钼成矿作用与构造演化的关系,并认为钼是反映中国地壳演化的有效示踪剂.