Assessing spatial pattern of urban thermal environment in Shanghai, China

The aggravating urban thermal environment has considerable adverse effects on urban physical environment, energy consumption, and public health. Due to the complexity of factors contributing to the urban thermal environment, traditional statistical methods are insufficient for acquiring data and analyzing the impacts of human activities on the thermal environment, especially for identifying dominant factors. Based on thermal remote sensing imageries and Geographic Information System analysis, we assessed spatial pattern of urban thermal environment in Shanghai in 2008, and analyzed the factors contributing to the generation of urban heat island (UHI) using principal component analysis (PCA). We found that Shanghai had obvious UHI with uneven spatial pattern in 2008. Further, we identified three most important components leading to the variances of Shanghai’s UHI: the gradient from man-made to natural land cover, landscape configuration, and anthropogenic heat release. A linear model has thus been successfully constructed, implying that PCA is helpful in identifying major contributors to UHI. The findings are of significance for policy implication to urban thermal environment mitigation.     

近断层竖向地震动P-Δ效应研究

竖向效应是近断层地震动的主要特点,竖向地震动对工程结构形成的P-Δ效应是造成结构破坏的主要原因。本文以单自由度体系为研究对象,选取汶川地震的近断层强震数据进行研究,分析竖向地震动所产生P-Δ效应的放大作用特征。分析结果表明汶川地震中,相比于中远场区域,近断层区域内竖向地震动作用所产生的P-Δ效应具有明显的放大作用,且近断层内这种放大作用具有普遍性;当自振周期一定时,不同台站获得地震动的放大系数离散性较小,主要分布于均值附近;其分析结果符合地震动的一般规律,分析结果合理。在此基础上建立了以均值为代表值的放大系数谱,可以与抗震设计反应谱结合使用,从而为活断层附近区域内的结构抗震设计问题提供定量化参考依据。     

基于AUKF的框架结构离线模型更新混合试验方法

模型更新混合试验在传统混合试验方法的基础上更新与试验构件具有相同恢复力特性的构件,扩展了混合试验方法的应用范围。本文旨在提高模型更新混合试验的精度,降低试验的成本并简化模型更新混合试验方法的流程。自适应UKF(AUKF)算法在传统UKF的基础上加入方差自适应模块,能够减轻初始参数设定对参数识别结果的影响,本文基于AUKF提出一种模型更新混合试验方法。对以Bouc-Wen为恢复力模型的防屈曲约束支撑(BRB)进行低周反复加载虚拟试验,通过Matlab编制AUKF算法程序进行参数识别,验证了AUKF算法的高效准确性。对一榀8层4跨带BRB的钢框架进行混合试验数值仿真,结果表明离线模型更新试验结果较在线模型更新更接近真实结果,且简化了试验流程。     

玉树地震前的地下流体观测井温度数据超差异常及其与地震关系研究

本文收集整理了距2010年4月14日玉树7.1级地震震中700km范围内的全部13个地下流体观测井孔的温度观测资料,统计分析了2008年5月以来各井温度当月超过3倍均方差的数据个数(以下简称月超差个数).结果发现,在玉树地震前6个月,13个观测井中有10个井观测数据出现月超差个数升高现象,有4个观测井月超差个数出现了同震升高和震后升高现象.2008、2009年大柴旦发生的2次6级以上地震前,也有类似现象.此异常现象可能反映了玉树地震前场兆和源兆的共同作用过程.     

新疆精河M_W6.3地震产生的静态应力变化研究

利用精河M_W6.3地震有限断层破裂模型,计算了精河地震产生的位移场、应力场、周围主要断层上的静态库仑应力变化以及主震对余震的触发作用。结果表明:(1)精河地震产生的地表隆升最大值约为6.6cm,沉降最大值约为1.8cm;水平位移方向呈现震中南北侧向震中汇聚、震中东西侧向外"流出"的特点。(2)精河地震产生的水平面应力场展布南北侧物质主要受到指向震中的拉张力作用,东西两侧物质主要受到因震中过剩物质东西向排出而导致的东西向挤压力作用。(3)震中西侧距震中约20km的库松木契克山前断裂中段和震中东北部距震中约50km的四棵树-古尔图南断裂西段的库仑应力加载均大于0.01MPa,即2处为地震危险区。(4)在震源深度为8~12km的余震事件中,约有85.5%处于库仑应力加载区,即受到主震的的触发作用;在深度为4~8km的余震事件中,约有87%受到主震的应力触发作用。     

Cyclic behavior and failure mechanism of self‐centering energy dissipation braces with pre‐pressed combination disc springs

A new type of bracing system composed of friction energy dissipation devices for energy dissipation, pre‐pressed combination disc springs for self‐centering and tube members as guiding elements is developed and experimentally studied in this paper. The mechanics of this system are explained, the equations governing its hysteretic responses are outlined and large‐scale validation tests of two braces with different types of disc springs are conducted under the condition of low cyclic reversed loading. The experimental results demonstrate that the proposed bracing system exhibits a stable and repeatable flag‐shaped hysteretic response with an excellent self‐centering capability and effective energy dissipation throughout the loading protocol. Furthermore, the maximum bearing force and stiffness are predicted well by the equations governing its mechanical behavior. Fatigue and destructive test results demonstrate that the proposed bracing system can maintain stable energy dissipation and self‐centering capabilities under large deformation cyclic loading even when the tube members exceed the elastic limit and that a larger bearing capacity is achieved by the system that has disc springs without a bearing surface. Copyright © 2016 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

云南干旱“常态化”的分析

近年来云南持续发生严重干旱,云南干旱是否日趋"常态化"成为社会各界关心的一个热点问题,相关报道不断见诸媒体。本文从水文的角度对云南省的历史干旱、水文要素以及趋势预测等方面进行了深入的分析。在历史依据和现代气象水文观测数据的支撑下,考察近100年来全球增暖可能导致部分地区干旱化的可能,从而认为近年来提出的云南干旱"常态化"存在科学依据;但干旱"常态化"仅能局限于近现代时期这一时间范畴,对于今后更长时期云南省干旱发展趋势,依据现有技术手段及研究成果尚难以判断把握。     

新郑矿区地热资源潜能分析与保护建议

基于新郑矿区以平均每年0.0813×108m3的涌水量向地表排放热水,造成的地热资源损失和污染环境的现实,在分析地温地质条件基础上,利用热储资源量公式、卡明斯基公式和弹性储存量公式,分别计算了矿山开采前和开采后不同类型地热资源量,并对当前矿区地热潜能进行了评估。在此基础上,提出了选择煤层底板加固技术,保持岩溶裂隙水一定的水位、减少地下水排放和利用识别模型,选择适宜区段作为地热资源开采区,以调减矿山日常的排水量,尽可能维持渗流场基本不变,进而提高热储的潜能,实现节能减排,达到保护与利用地热资源的效果的建议。     

江南-雪峰隆起北缘海相油气富集主控因素和破坏机制

全球油气巨量富集带主要发育于被动大陆边缘、活动大陆边缘及大陆裂谷系中,而江南-雪峰隆起北缘具有区别于这3类的陆内坳陷斜坡带和古隆起边缘斜坡带的大地构造背景。通过对江南-雪峰隆起北缘（扬子南缘）海相油气陆内巨量富集的主控因素和破坏机制的研究,对比全球油气聚集带（区）发育的主要原因,试图建立海相油气富集和破坏的相关模式。类似于江南-雪峰隆起北缘的陆内坳陷斜坡带与古隆起边缘斜坡带的叠合斜坡带,是大陆块体内一种新的油气富集单元。通过研究,认为下寒武统和下志留统两套优质烃源岩、加里东旋回中-晚期和晚印支期-早燕山旋回早期两期良好的成藏时空匹配关系是海相油气富集的主控因素,而加里东旋回末期和晚印支期-早燕山旋回晚期两个关键破坏期,通过隆升剥蚀、断裂开启和岩浆活动等方式导致了海相油气的破坏。时空匹配的叠合斜坡带既是油气聚集的有利场所,又是油气改造的活跃区域。     

Experimental study on the vertical deformation of aquifer soils under conditions of withdrawing and recharging of groundwater in Tongchuan region,China

Land subsidence due to aquifer-system compaction accompanying groundwater extraction is a global hazard. Rising urban construction and groundwater demand necessitate increased awareness and better understanding of the geological problem. Motivated by the lack of laboratory-scale studies on this issue, an experimental investigation on the newly developed Tongchuan region, China, is presented. The study addresses the deformation behaviors of three soil samples, with the lithology of silty clay, silt, and fine sand, under the conditions of groundwater withdrawal and recharge using the GDS Consolidation Testing System. Results indicate that all three samples were characterized by elastic–plastic deformation under the conditions of withdrawing and recharging. The vertical deformation of the silty clay in the aquitard above the first confined aquifer was larger than those of the other two samples, and its deformation is a gradual and long process; thus, considerable attention should be paid to deformation in this aquitard due to the apparent creep effect and tiny rebound deformation. However, the settlement of the fine sand in the second confined aquifer cannot be ignored due to the great thickness of the aquifer. For the same soil, as the pore-water pressure declined, the unit rate of vertical deformation decreased gradually, whereas the creep effect of deformation in the later declining stage of pore-water pressure was more apparent than that in the former declining stage. These observations are highly important to the local government, which is developing measures to prevent and control subsidence.