基于栅格的关中平原城市群人居环境质量综合评价

基于自然与人文多重栅格数据,构建人居环境质量综合指数评价模型,分析2015年关中平原城市群人居环境的空间分异格局,并对人口分布与人居环境质量的协同性进行探讨。结果表明:(1)人居自然环境呈现出自东向西,由山地、高原向平原、谷地依次递减的空间分布格局,受地形影响最为明显,地形起伏度与人居自然环境呈负相关关系。(2)人居人文环境表现出平原低、山区高,城镇高于乡村的空间分布格局,受城市行政层级影响显著。(3)关中平原城市群人居环境综合质量指数介于0.216~0.716之间,呈现出以关中平原、汾河谷地向外梯级递减的带状空间分布格局。(4)关中平原城市群人口密度与人居环境质量空间分布显著一致,总体呈现出平原高于山地,城市高于乡村的空间分布规律,人居环境质量越高,人口密度越大,土地利用也越充分。     

动力学模型预测深海鲣鱼(Katsuwonus pelamis)调理食品常温下的货架期

为了预测鲣鱼(Katsuwonus pelamis)调理食品的货架期,将鲣鱼调理食品贮藏在25°C、30°C、35°C温度条件下,通过测定在贮藏期间菌落总数、挥发性盐基氮、过氧化值三个指标的变化,分别对这三个指标与贮藏时间、温度建立一级动力学模型,来预测鲣鱼调理食品的货架期。经计算得出,菌落总数预测模型中的活化能(Ea)及指前因子(k0)分别为30.96 k J/mol和2.06×103,挥发性盐基氮预测模型中的的活化能及指前因子分别为24.35 k J/mol和75.1,过氧化值预测模型中的活化能及指前因子分别为48.75 k J/mol和2.92×106。在32°C和37°C条件下验证动力学模型,结果表明相对误差分别为–5.52%和–6.45%,准确性较好。进一步推算得出,在18°C和23°C常温下贮藏鲣鱼调理食品,产品的货架期为209d和172d。     

13C/12C比值作为海洋生态系统食物网示踪剂的研究──崂山湾水体生物食物网的营养关系

于1992年9月–1994年5月先后对崂山湾海域作了7个航次调查。由实验室培养试验和现场采样分析两种方法得出食物链一个营养级的¹³C富集度分别为(1.6±0.2)×10^-3和1.7×10^-3,两者几乎一致。由7个季度月的现场采集样品的同位素分析结果表明,从处在食物网底部的浮游植物到最高级的肉食性鱼类之间δ¹³C差值平均为6.9×10^-3,相当于5个营养级;并由各类生物的碳同位素数据分别确定了它们在该食物网中的营养位置,其结果与食性分析方法所得结果基本吻合。同位素示踪方法研究的结果还表明,崂山湾水体生物食物网中碳的来源主要是浮游植物碳。     

闽江河口区沉积物中的抗生素分布特征及生态风险评价

采用固相萃取和液相色谱串联质谱(HPLC-MS/MS)分析方法对闽江河口区域沉积物中8类54种抗生素的含量以及分布特征进行分析探讨,并利用熵值法对抗生素的生态风险进行评价。结果表明,闽江河口区域24个站点共检出6类(大环内酯类、磺胺类、喹诺酮类、氯霉素类、硝基咪唑类和苯并咪唑类)19种抗生素,总量范围在4.16~64.74 ng/g,平均值为17.35 ng/g;其中大环内酯类、喹诺酮类和硝基咪唑类抗生素检出频率达到100%。抗生素总量的空间分布情况呈闽江河口上游>北港>南港>河口下游的趋势,人口密集区生活污水和医疗废水排放是上游和北港沉积物大环内脂类和喹诺酮类抗生素含量较高的主要原因,而海水养殖过程中的直接投放可能是河口下游硝基咪唑类抗生素的主要来源;生态风险评价结果显示,大部分抗生素的生态风险值RQ<1,然而替米考星和甲硝唑在研究区域的RQ>1,具有一定的潜在风险,可能会对该区域生态环境产生负面效应。     

塔克拉玛干沙漠腹地地表辐射与能量平衡

利用2013年塔克拉玛干沙漠塔中流动沙面地表辐射、土壤热通量、土壤温湿度和湍流通量观测资料,分析了沙漠腹地地表辐射和能量收支特征及闭合状况。结果表明：除潜热通量外,其余地表辐射各分量和能量平衡分量的月平均日变化结果整体均表现为标准的单峰型日循环形态,其中R_s↓与R_s↑变化同步,R_l↑、R_l↓滞后R_s↓0.5 ~ 1 h。各分量均表现出夏季高、春秋季次之、冬季低的季节波动性。干旱和极低的植被覆盖造成沙漠腹地全年潜热通量始终较为微弱,约占净辐射的2.8%,感热通量成为能量的主要消耗形式,约占净辐射的49%。偶尔的降水会刺激潜热通量突然增加。地表反照率相对较高且稳定,日变化呈早晚大、正午小的“U”型趋势,并具有明显的冬季高、夏季低的季节波动性,年均值0.28,月均值0.25~0.32。能量残差各月的日变化也均呈单峰曲线,日出后和日落前能量闭合程度最佳,并出现过闭合现象,全年夏季小,春秋季次之,冬季较大,月平均日峰值5.1~99.9 W·m^-2。土壤表层热储存是影响该地区能量平衡的重要因子之一,考虑表层土壤热存储后,地表能量闭合率达75.3%,能量闭合率夏季 > 春季 > 秋季 > 冬季,白天相比夜间有大幅提升。     

Sequential city growth: Theory and evidence from the US

City growth patterns are attracting more attention in urban geography studies. This paper examines how cities develop and grow in the upper tail of size distribution in a large-scale economy based on a theoretical model under new economic geography framework and the empirical evidence from the US. The results show that cities grow in a sequential pattern. Cities with the best economic conditions are the first to grow fastest until they reach a critical size, then their growth rates slow down and the smaller cities farther down in the urban hierarchy become the fastest-growing ones in sequence. This paper also reveals three related features of urban system. First, the city size distribution evolves from low-level balanced to primate and finally high-level balanced pattern in an inverted U-shaped path. Second, there exist persistent discontinuities, or gaps, between city size classes. Third, city size in the upper tail exhibits conditional convergence characteristics. This paper could not only contribute to enhancing the understanding of urbanization process and city size distribution dynamics, but also be widely used in making effective policies and scientific urban planning.     

Responses of soil moisture to vegetation restoration type and slope length on the loess hillslope

Soil moisture, a critical variable in the hydrologic cycle, is highly influenced by vegetation restoration type. However, the relationship between spatial variation of soil moisture, vegetation restoration type and slope length is controversial. Therefore, soil moisture across soil layers (0-400 cm depth) was measured before and after the rainy season in severe drought (2015) and normal hydrological year (2016) in three vegetation restoration areas (artificial forestland, natural forestland and grassland), on the hillslopes of the Caijiachuan Catchment in the Loess area, China. The results showed that artificial forestland had the lowest soil moisture and most severe water deficit in 100-200 cm soil layers. Water depletion was higher in artificial and natural forestlands than in natural grassland. Moreover, soil moisture in the shallow soil layers (0-100 cm) under the three vegetation restoration types did not significantly vary with slope length, but a significant increase with slope length was observed in deep soil layers (below 100 cm). In 2015, a severe drought hydrological year, higher water depletion was observed at lower slope positions under three vegetation restoration types due to higher transpiration and evapotranspiration and unlikely recharge from upslope runoff. However, in 2016, a normal hydrological year, there was lower water depletion, even infiltration recharge at lower slope positions, indicating receiving a large amount of water from upslope. Vegetation restoration type, precipitation, slope length and soil depth during a rainy season, in descending order of influence, had significant effects on soil moisture. Generally, natural grassland is more beneficial for vegetation restoration than natural and artificial forestlands, and the results can provide useful information for understanding hydrological processes and improving vegetation restoration practices on the Loess Plateau     

乳糖诱导重组别藻蓝蛋白(rAPC)在大肠杆菌(Escherichia coli)中的表达

采用廉价的乳糖替代IPTG诱导重组别藻蓝蛋白(rAPC)在大肠杆菌(Escherichiacoli)JM109中表达,对诱导产物表达的培养基、培养条件、诱导剂的浓度和诱导时机进行了优化,将优化条件用于5L自控发酵罐进行高密度培养。结果表明,对rAPC表达的条件进行优化后,乳糖诱导rAPC的表达率可达26.8%,与IPTG的诱导结果接近;在高密度培养中,OD600最大达21.8。研究结果可为乳糖替代IPTG大规模生产rAPC奠定基础。     

基于多元统计分析的渔山列岛潮间带软体动物功能群和次级生产力比较

渔山列岛于2008年成为国家级海洋生态保护区,为了解渔山列岛保护区内潮间带软体动物次级生产力的时空变化。于1982年和2010年的3个季节(春、夏、冬)在渔山列岛进行潮间带软体动物调查,采用多元统计分析软体动物时空差异,以Brey经验公式计算分析软体动物次级生产力(P值,P/B值)。结果表明,年际间物种食性结构发生了明显的改变,1982年潮间带软体动物对次级生产力贡献率最大的物种有单齿螺(Monodonta labio)、锈凹螺(Chlorostoma rustica),占软体动物总次级生产力的42.88%,2010年潮间带软体动物对次级生产力贡献率最大的物种有覆瓦小蛇螺(Serpulorbis imbricata)、条纹隔贻贝(Septifer virgatus),占软体动物总次级生产力的75.96%。1982年,年均栖息密度为2758ind/m2,年均生物量为2100.26g/m2,年均次级生产力为240.04g/(m2·a),年均P/B值为0.63a–1;2010年,年均栖息密度为699ind/m2,年均生物量为1101.85g/m2,年均次级生产力为94.82g/(m2·a),年均P/B值为0.55a–1。多因素方差分析表明软体动物次级生产力年际间差异显著(F=5.761,P0.05),季节间和潮位间差异都不显著(F=0.135,P0.05;F=2.076,P0.05),P/B的值较低,表明该海域软体动物世代更替速度较慢,2010年的P/B值(0.55a–1)低于1982年的P/B值(0.63a–1),表明近30年来群落结构受到影响。     

山东半岛沿岸流强度与悬浮体时空变化特征

基于2014—2018年NOAA/AVHRR遥感数据,在山东半岛海域选取6条剖面,结合海表温度和表层悬浮体的时空变化特征,详细研究了山东半岛沿岸流的年周期变化规律与移动路径。研究结果表明,山东半岛沿岸流年周期变化可分为4个阶段：成长期（10—12月）时开始形成于黄河口附近,沿莱州湾南部向东运移;强盛期（次年1—3月）时山东半岛沿岸流完全成型,扩散带最宽,鼎盛时期北部可以至38°N附近,东部可以至123°E附近,在35°～36°N附近分成NE—SW向的2个分支,主干部分最远可到达胶州湾东部海域,余流沿岸向西南方向转折;衰退期（4—6月）时沿岸流强度减弱,只在山东半岛北部和东部小范围内有微弱的显示;消亡期（7—9月）时基本消失。山东半岛沿岸流在冬季时对悬浮体扩散具有强烈的驱动作用,使其在黄河口南侧与山东半岛北岸-成山头东部海域分别形成呈“弧形”和“条带状”分布的2个高浓度区域。