WEBGIS技术在地震前兆台网中的应用

使用WEBGIS技术,结合地震前兆台网的实际情况,设计完成地震前兆台网的GIS展示工具.该工具以互联网为媒介,使用地理空间数据库存储的全国台站数据,对全国范围内的物理场分布在网络客户端进行发布,方便地震前兆台网用户获取数据,同时丰富地震前兆数据的展示方式.     

Incorporating the LCIA concept into fuzzy risk assessment as a tool for environmental impact assessment

Environmental impact assessment (EIA) is a procedural tool for environmental management that identifies, predicts, evaluates and mitigates the environmental impact of development proposals. In the process of EIA, EIA reports, prepared by developers, are expected to delineate the environmental impact, but in practice they usually determine whether the amounts or concentrations of pollutants comply with the relevant standards. Actually, many analytical tools can improve the analysis of environmental impact in EIA reports, such as life cycle assessment (LCA) and environmental risk assessment (ERA). Life cycle impact assessment (LCIA) is one of steps in LCA that takes account of the causal relationships between environmental hazards and damage. Incorporating the concept of LCIA into an ERA as an integrated tool for the preparation of EIA reports extends the focus of the reports from the regulatory compliance of the environmental impact, to determine the significance of the environmental impact. Sometimes, when using integrated tools, it is necessary to consider fuzzy situations, because of a lack of sufficient information; therefore, so ERA should be generalized to a fuzzy risk assessment (FRA). Therefore, this paper proposes the integration of a LCIA and a FRA as an assessment tool for the preparation of EIA reports, whereby the LCIA clearly identifies the causal linkage for hazard–pathway–receptor–damage and then better explain the significance of the impact; furthermore, a FRA copes with fuzzy and probabilistic situations in the assessment of pollution severity and the estimation of exposure probability. Finally, the use of the proposed methodology is demonstrated in a case study of the expansion plan for the world’s largest plastics processing factory.     

湿地极危植物中华水韭孢子育苗及幼孢苗管护

采用土壤和改良的Knop’s固体培养基培养湿地敏感植物、国家一级保护极危蕨类中华水韭(Isoetes sinensis),并获得有性生殖苗;观察记录了配子体发育及幼孢苗发生各阶段的详细过程;总结了幼孢苗的人工管护技术;分析讨论了配子体发育与环境因素间的规律、幼孢苗复壮对策以及病虫害类别、病症及其防治措施等.研究结果表明,中华水韭孢子在22～28℃、光照强度为60 μmol/(m2·s)、每日光照14h和黑暗10h的条件下,可达到90.3％的成熟率;已完成中华水韭的生活史,掌握了孢子育苗及日常管护方法,获得孢苗5 000棵,长势良好,出现孢子囊,以期为回归原产地,拯救该野生种群及湿地保护提供一定的理论依据和可靠的技术支撑.     

Mass Balance Study on Phosphorus Removal in Constructed Wetland Microcosms Treating Polluted River Water

A number of studies have showed that the mass removal rates of phosphorus (P) in different constructed wetlands (CWs) varied significantly, and it is essential to quantify the contributions of major P removal processes in order to improve system design. The objective of this study was to investigate the effects of vegetation, hydraulic retention time (HRT), and water temperature on P removal from polluted river water and to quantify the contributions of different P removal pathways in surface CWs. Results showed that the average total P removal rates ranged between 2.69 and 20.84 mg/(m² day) in different seasons and were influenced significantly by vegetation, HRT, and water temperature. According to the mass balance approach, plant uptake removed 4.81–22.33% of P input, while media storage contributed 36.16–49.66%. Other P removal processes such as microbiota uptake removed around 0.26–4.13%. Media storage and plant uptake were identified as the main P removal processes in surface CWs treating polluted river water. This illustrated the importance of selecting media and plants in CWs for future practical application.     

Status of Macrobenthic Community and Its Relationships to Trace Metals and Natural Sediment Characteristics

Laizhou Bay, located in the northwest of Shandong Peninsula, has complex transitional environments between terrestrial and marine ecosystems. In the present study, a total of 122, 131, and 139 species were collected in spring, summer, and autumn 2011, respectively. Species constitutions of macrobenthos were grouped into four phyla, of which annelida were the most abundant phylum, the average biomass proportion of echinodermata was the lowest, and the proportion of important species for mollusca was the highest. The structure of the macrobenthic community showed significant differences between sites, and greater divergence was observed between the third site (S03) and other stations. The ABC plots showed that the biomass curve lay below the abundance curve, and the W‐statistic value was negative. The result of the BOPA index showed that two stations had moderate ecological status in spring and that there were two heavily polluted sites and one moderately polluted site in summer. The BIO‐ENV analyses indicated that the grain‐size fractions together with trace metals (Hg, Pb, Zn, Cu, and Cr) could be considered as the major environmental variables influencing the macrobenthic patterns. The results together demonstrated that the macrobenthic communities in Laizhou Bay were negatively affected, perhaps by the tremendous impact of heavy metals in the sediments.     

测绘工程专业“四维渗透式”实践教学改革研究

测绘工程专业“四维渗透式”实践教学改革是在科学思维与科学方法指导下,以学生的自主性、探索性学习为基础,以学生科学思维和科学方法为导向,以测绘专业建设为出发点,以测绘专业实践教学改革为核心指导思想,打破传统的实践教学改革.以河南理工大学测绘学院测绘工程专业的实践教学为例,首先介绍传统测绘实践教学弊端,构建以创新能力为本位的“四维渗透式”人才培养模式的内容及特色.结果表明,它是一种新型的可促进学生积极主动参与实验的实践教学方法改革.     

矿区三维地质建模与地裂缝成因分析

为了分析在复杂地质条件下采煤引起的大规模地表裂缝的形成原因,本文以某矿区地裂缝为研究对象、数字化软件SURPAC为技术平台、岩体为主要区域变量,建立关于开采工作面、火成岩、地裂缝及断层的三维地质模型,并进行开采沉陷影响预计,通过分析裂缝成因中各相关地质条件的作用影响,得出了煤炭开采导致地下应力平衡被打破后造成地裂缝的主要因素,为预防和治理地裂缝提供了参考。     

Defending against wormhole attack in OLSR

OLSR (optimal link state routing) is one of the four basic routing protocols used in mobile ad hoc Networks by the MANET working group of IETF (Internet engineering task force). OLSR, a proactive routing protocol, is based on a multipoint relaying flooding technique to reduce the number of topology broadcast. OLSR uses periodic HELLO packets to neighbor detection. As introduced in Reference [1], the wormhole attack can form a serious threat in wireless Networks, especially against many ad hoc Network routing protocols and location-based wireless security systems. Here, a trust model to handle this attack in OLSR is provided and simulated in NS2.     

云南澜沧老厂深部斑岩钼(铜)矿成矿物质来源的同位素地球化学证据

通过对云南澜沧老厂深部斑岩钼(铜)矿的S、Pb、H、O同位素地球化学特征的综合分析研究,探讨了隐伏斑岩型矿床的成矿物质来源.研究表明:斑岩钼(铜)矿体主要硫化物的δ34S在3.99‰～+1.8‰之间,平均值为- 1.32‰,分布范围较窄,指示硫具有壳-幔混合源特征;隐伏的成矿花岗斑岩和矿石中主要硫化物的铅同位素组成的变化范围和平均值均具明显的相似性,206pb/204pb比值变化于17.863～ 18.701之间(平均值为18.411),207pb/204 Pb值变化于15.448～15.733之间(平均值为15.628),208 Pb/204 pb值变化于37.753～39.104之间(平均值为38.615),指示矿区斑岩型矿体中的原始铅具有壳-幔混合源的特点,深部地幔也是重要源区之一;斑岩型钼(铜)矿体脉石矿物石英的δ18QH2O在-9.51‰～+9.41‰之间,δD在- 93‰～- 46.2‰之间,指示斑岩矿体成矿流体介质水既有岩浆水又有大气降水,其中,在远离主岩体的外接触带大气降水(雨水)参与成矿的程度相对较高.     

云南澜沧老厂隐伏花岗斑岩体地球化学特征及构造环境

详细阐述了老厂隐伏花岗斑岩的地球化学特征,利用图解判别了其形成的构造环境,并初步探讨其成因机制。老厂花岗斑岩SiO2含量(68.09%~73.48%)与中国花岗岩平均值基本相当,富碱(Na2O+K2O为7.73%~8.51%),富钾(K2O/Na2O为1.85~25.8),属酸性偏铝质高钾钙碱性系列岩浆岩。轻稀土元素中等富集,重稀土元素相对亏损,(La/Yb)N=12.01~24.85,δEu=0.79~0.99(为弱负异常),稀土元素分布曲线为平滑的右倾曲线。通过花岗斑岩地球化学特征、图解判别、锆石标型特征等的综合研究,认为老厂隐伏花岗斑岩体是以壳源为主的壳幔源混合成因花岗斑岩,形成于青藏高原新生代碰撞造山主碰撞阶段区域挤压机制下的主碰撞构造环境。碰撞激发深部地幔局部熔融,使熔融体沿穿透性构造发育的早期裂谷带轴部上涌,成为构造-岩浆-热事件的主要驱动力;地幔物质涌入,向下地壳注入新生物质,诱发下地壳物质熔融,形成壳幔混合源富钾含矿岩浆。