我国亚热带东部山区坡面净辐射的分布特征

本文首次计算并分析了我国亚热带东部山区坡面辐射平衡各分量，重点讨论了净辐射的地理分布特征及其变化规律。结果表明，本区各坡向年均净辐射的分布都具有南北高、中间低的特点、湘鄂西部为最低值区。夏季因受副高控制的影响，净辐射分布形势差别较大。净辐射在各坡向间的差异以冬季最大，夏季最小。夏季南、北坡净辐射随坡度的变化形式基本相同，冬季则安全相反。净辐射的年变幅以南坡最小、东、西坡次之，北坡最大。本文计算结果还揭示出冬季在本地区北坡的面净辐射可出现包值的新事实。     

皖西大别山区经济开发战略的研究

皖西大别山区是革命老根据地之一,总面积 14000平方公里,总人口 317.8万人,交通闭塞、贫穷落后,但开发潜力很大。今后坚持以林为基础,强化种植业,发展养殖业和采矿业,深化加工业,综合开发农村经济。三年解决温饱,五年基本脱贫。后十年内逐步接近或赶上全省水平,到本世纪末把本区建成经济比较发达、社会文明进步、人民生活小康、自然环境优美的社会主义新山区。     

Genetic relation between Holocene transgression and chemical composition of the shallow groundwater in Hangzhou, China

The shallow groundwater in Hangzhou area has the characteristics of high mineralization, high salinity and high contents of iron and manganese. Statistical analyses and the experiments of simulation show that the Holocene transgressive strata has a crucial effect on the formation of chemical composition of the shallow groundwater in the plain area of Hanghzhou. The degree of transgression is in consonance with the variation tendency of the thickness of the transgressive strata. The chemical compositions of the subsurface water in the hilly area depend on the lithology of the aquifers.     

Measurement of free heavy metal ion concentrations in soils using Donnan membrane technique

In natural systems heavy metals are present in very low concentrations (less than micro-molar) , so precise measurement of the free metal ions is difficult. Recently, a new method has been developed called the Donnan membrane technique (DMT). Several heavy metals could be measured simultaneously using this method. Furthermore, all the metals did not interfere with each other, and the balance between the measured system and the surrounding condition could not be disturbed. Improvements were made according to the internal condition. The free heavy metal ion concentrations were measured in different systems using the improved method, and satisfied results have been obtained.     

Coupled mobilization of dissolved organic matter and metals (Cu and Zn) in soil columns

Dissolved organic carbon (DOC) is a key component involved in metal displacement in soils. In this study, we investigated the concentration profiles of soil-borne DOC, Cu and Zn at various irrigation rates with synthetic rain water under quasi steady-state conditions, using repacked soil columns with a metal-polluted topsoil and two unpolluted subsoils. Soil solution was collected using suction cups installed at centimeter intervals over depth. In the topsoil the concentrations of DOC, dissolved metals (Zn and Cu), major cations (Ca²⁺ and Mg²⁺) and anions ( and ) increased with depth. In the subsoil, the Cu and Zn concentrations dropped to background levels within 2 cm. All compounds were much faster mobilized in the first 4 cm than in the rest of the topsoil. DOC and Cu concentrations were higher at higher flow rates for a given depth, whereas the concentrations of the other ions decreased with increasing flow rate. The decomposition of soil organic matter resulted in the formation of DOC, , and and was the main driver of the system. Regression analysis indicated that Cu mobilization was governed by DOC, whereas Zn mobilization was primarily determined by Ca and to a lesser extent by DOC. Labile Zn and Cu²⁺ concentrations were well predicted by the NICA-Donnan model. The results highlight the value of high-resolution in-situ measurements of DOC and metal mobilization in soil profiles.     

Uncertainty of AMSU-A derived temperature trends in relationship with clouds and precipitation over ocean

Microwave Sounding Unit (MSU) and Advanced Microwave Sounding Unit-A (AMSU-A) observations from a series of National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration satellites have been extensively utilized for estimating the atmospheric temperature trend. For a given atmospheric temperature condition, the emission and scattering of clouds and precipitation modulate MSU and AMSU-A brightness temperatures. In this study, the effects of the radiation from clouds and precipitation on AMSU-A derived atmospheric temperature trend are assessed using the information from AMSU-A window channels. It is shown that the global mean temperature in the low and middle troposphere has a larger warming rate (about 20–30 % higher) when the cloud-affected radiances are removed from AMSU-A data. It is also shown that the inclusion of cloud-affected radiances in the trend analysis can significantly offset the stratospheric cooling represented by AMSU-A channel 9 over the middle and high latitudes of Northern Hemisphere.     

艺术介入乡村：两种乡村发展转型典型模式的多级效益比较分析

在明晰国内艺术介入乡村内涵与典型模式的基础上,以马斯洛需求层次理论建构并解析艺术介入乡村的效益层次体系,并选取广州市小洲村、凤和村为典型案例,通过田野调查等方法识别艺术家主导型与资本主导型两种艺术介入模式的效益特征与问题。结果表明：1）艺术介入乡村是在乡村振兴背景下,政府、资本、艺术家与文化团体等主体,通过艺术实践实现乡村景观重构、综合经济效益、社区营造治理、地方文化传承等多级效益的乡村振兴典型模式。依据不同的驱动主体,可将艺术介入乡村模式主要划分为艺术家主导型和资本主导型两种类型。2）艺术介入乡村具有物质、经济、社会、文化四级效益,呈现逐级递进的特征。3）艺术家主导型在实现高层级效益方面作用显著,低层级效益有所欠缺;资本主导型在实现低层级效益方面作用显著,高层级效益有所欠缺。4）构建资本与艺术家协同、政府支持、村民参与的多方合作模式,能够综合两种模式的效益优势,使艺术介入的乡村实践更具推广性。     

A Generalized Plasticity-Based Model for Sandstone Considering Time-Dependent Behavior and Wetting Deterioration

Based on the concept of generalized plasticity, this study proposes a constitutive model to describe the time-dependent behavior and wetting deterioration of sandstone. The proposed model (1) exhibits nonlinear elasticity under hydrostatic and shear loading, (2) follows the associated flow rule for viscoplastic deformation, (3) adopts a creep modulus that varies with the stress ratio, (4) considers the primary and secondary creep behaviors of rock, and (5) considers the effect of wetting deterioration. This model requires 13 material parameters, comprising 3 for elasticity, 7 for plasticity, and 3 for creep. All parameters can be determined easily by following the suggested procedures. The proposed model is first validated by comparison with triaxial tests of sandstone under different hydrostatic stress and cyclic loading conditions. In addition, the model is versatile in simulating time-dependent behavior through a series of multistage creep tests. Finally, to consider the effects of wetting deterioration, triaxial and creep tests under dry and water-saturated conditions are simulated. Comparison of the simulated and experimental data shows that the proposed model can predict the behavior of sandstone in dry and saturated conditions.     

Quantitative assessment of drought in a lacustrine wetland based on a water balance model

Upstream inflow decline and excessive water withdrawal are the major reasons for failure in maintaining ecological functions of wetlands and could lead to wetland drought and degradation. Quantitative evaluation of wetlands drought constitutes the basis for managing and scheduling water resources and guaranteeing biological safety. In the study, we proposed a Palmer wetland drought index (PWDI) based on the water balance model that describes wetland hydrological characteristics linked to its located basin to describe drought-reflected ecological characteristics in lacustrine Baiyangdian Wetland and compared it with Palmer drought severity index (PDSI). The results presented that PWDI is able to reflect the worst drought in history, and the drought is mainly affected by water stored in the wetland, but PDSI is inadequate for evaluating the wetland drought. The PWDI methodology provides a clear, objective approach for describing the intensity of drought and can be readily adapted to characterize drought on an operational basis.     

青藏高原晴天太阳直接辐射的计算和分析

本文根据1979年5～8月青藏高原气象科学实验资料,研究了利用卡斯特洛夫公式计算青藏高原晴天太阳直接辐射的有关问题。首先从原始资料中挑选出晴天太阳直接辐射并计算其日平均辐照度,然后以此为标准,利用迭代法反求可能太阳直接辐射日平均辐照度理论公式中的系数C,建立该系数与平均水汽压的经验公式,再利用经验式反演晴天太阳直接辐射。本文还比较了由乌克兰英采夫法确定的可能太阳直接辐射与实际晴天太阳直接辐射的差异,证实前者要比后者偏大,其偏离程度随站点拔海高度增加而缩小。文中最后讨论了青藏高原晴天太阳直接辐射日平均辐照度的地理分布,并分析了其随拔海高度的变化。