黄土高原第四纪粉尘沉积速率的时空变化及其意义

本文系统地计算了黄土高原洛川、西峰、宝鸡、西安刘家坡、兰州九洲台、西宁大墩岭黄土剖面的粉尘沉积速率,发现粉尘沉积速率除随冰期、间冰期具有明显波动外,还呈现时间上由老向新的阶段性升高,空间上由西北向东南降低的总体趋势。第四纪以来,黄土高原粉尘沉积速率出现了几次异常增高的时期,它们与青藏高原隆起时段相吻合。距今约70万年,该区冬季风出现重大调整,冬季风风力明显的逐步增强,风向偏转到NW方向。粉尘沉积速率可作为我国冬季风强弱变化的较好指标。     

博斯腾湖全新世岩芯沉积物碳酸盐氧同位素气候意义

西风影响区全新世气候变化逐渐受到重视。但目前该区高精度定年和气候意义明确的代用指标仍然缺乏。利用西风影响区新疆博斯腾湖BST04H钻孔岩芯沉积物全新世自生碳酸盐(细颗粒沉淀碳酸盐和介形虫壳体)氧同位素,结合该区降水同位素分布特征和流域水文状况,分析该区湖泊沉积物碳酸盐氧同位素的气候意义,并与湖泊不同位置钻孔碳酸盐氧同位素指标进行对比。结果表明,博斯腾湖深水区沉积物自生碳酸盐氧同位素主要反映了区域的降水(入流)/蒸发比,并保留了入流水体同位素组成的变化信息。全新世自8100cal.aB.P.以来,氧同位素呈现出在波动中逐渐偏正的长期变化趋势,中全新世以后波动幅度加大,其间氧同位素值偏负的波动并不完全指示有效湿度增加,而是入湖水体同位素变化,并与湖泊的水文状况有关。这种波动在湖泊西部距离入湖河口位置较近的钻孔中表现得更为明显。不同位置钻孔同位素变化有很好的对应性,但不同位置相同时段内的波动幅度不一样。实际研究中应充分对比分析,深入理解指标的意义,防止仅依靠某一个位置的指标将这种局地波动信息解释成代表大范围区域的气候或环境信息。     

钾长石矿物在全新世样品光释光测年中的应用与校正问题

使用钾长石进行释光测年时,由于长石的释光信号存在异常衰减,会导致沉积事件年龄的低估。对中国北方4个全新世样品分别使用石英和钾长石矿物组分释光测年,通过测量钾长石的衰退系数(g值)对钾长石使用再生剂量法获得的表征年龄进行了校正。发现对于本文所研究的年轻样品钾长石表征年龄与石英年龄相比系统偏小约2％～9％,钾长石校正年龄与石英年龄相比则严重偏大约16％～40％,表明使用g值无法校正年轻样品的钾长石年龄。对于年轻样品,钾长石IRSL信号异常衰减现象对测年结果的影响是可以忽略的。     

新疆伊犁地区典型黄土磁学特征及其环境意义初探

黄土地层记录的磁学参数受控因素复杂,全球不同地区黄土磁化率的主要受控因子存在差别。文章在伊犁地区选取两个地层磁化率与成壤作用分别存在较明显正相关和负相关的典型黄土剖面,进行了系统磁性地层学研究。结果表明伊犁地区黄土地层中磁性矿物浓度较大,磁学性质主要受呈现准单畴状态磁铁矿控制,黄土沉积物中磁性矿物主要为原生矿物,后期改造作用弱,地层的磁学特征受物源影响明显。地层的成壤强度与地层中磁性矿物浓度无明显相关关系,与磁性矿物中细粒磁性矿物的含量呈正相关关系。本研究结果暗示伊犁地区黄土沉积物的磁化率增强模式既区别于典型的西伯利亚黄土"风速说"模型,也不同于中国黄土高原"成壤说"模型; 当后期改造作用弱时,地层的磁学特征主要受物源影响; 随着地层成壤作用的增强,对原生磁性矿物的改造作用逐渐增强,次生磁性矿物含量逐渐增加,磁化率变化规律趋近于"成壤说"模型。     

中国黄土和阿拉斯加黄土磁化率气候记录的两种模式探讨

在中国和中欧黄土-古土壤研究中发现的磁化率与成壤作用(或古气候温湿程度)的正相关性已被第四纪科学家广泛认识,并应用于古气候研究中.成壤过程形成的亚铁磁性矿物被认为是古土壤磁化率增加的主要原因;然而,这一模式并不一定适用于其他黄土沉积地区,如阿拉斯加和西伯利亚黄土沉积显示了一个完全相反的磁化率行为,即在黄土层获高磁化率值而在古土壤层获低磁化率.这种相反的关系过去被解释为磁化率反映的是与风动力吹来的亚铁磁性矿物的含量,即与风速或风力大小有关.本研究发现阿拉斯加黄土与古土壤的磁性矿物性质有明显差异,不仅仅是粒径的大小,还有磁性矿物的种类即矿物相的差别.这一证据很难单纯以风力强度的大小来解释,意味着阿拉斯加古土壤的低磁化率至少部分是在成壤过程中亚铁磁性矿物发生改变(如溶解)而造成,表明阿拉斯加黄土和中国黄土的磁化率与古气候记录可能存在两种模式,即氧化和还原条件下的成土模式.黄土磁化率在不同的气候(温度湿度)条件下有着不同的对应关系:在低降水量、高蒸发量的干旱氧化成壤条件下,利于亚铁磁性矿物的生成,其磁化率与古气候的关系呈正相关,如中国和中亚黄土;在高纬高湿的还原成壤条件下,亚铁磁性矿物会被破坏被分解,其磁化率与古气候呈负相关关系,如阿拉斯加黄土.如果成壤条件在氧化和还原之间来回变换,那么就很难找到两者之间的联系.因此,将磁化率应用于古气候的重建时要加倍的小心.     

Chemical weathering over the last 1200 years recorded in the sediments of Gonghai Lake,Lvliang Mountains,North China: a high‐resolution proxy of past climate

Increasing interest in global climate change has led to attempts to understand and quantify the relationship between chemical weathering processes and environmental conditions, especially climate. This interest necessitates the identification of new climate proxies for the reconstruction of two important Earth surface processes: physical erosion and chemical weathering. In this study, an AMS ¹⁴C‐dated 2.8‐m‐long sediment core, GH09B1, from Lake Gonghai in north‐central China was subjected to detailed geochemical analyses to evaluate the intensity of chemical weathering conditions in the catchment. Multivariate statistical analysis of major and trace elemental data of 139 subsamples revealed that the first principal component axis PCA1 explained ～53% of the variance in the assemblage of elements/oxides with significant positive correlations between PCA1 scores and the separation of mobile and soluble elements/oxides from the immobile and resistant elements/oxides, which is thus able to indicate the chemical weathering in the catchment. These results are supported by the down‐core trends of other major and trace elemental ratios of chemical weathering intensity as well as by pollen data from the same core. Variations in PCA1, chemical index of alteration (CIA), Rb/Sr ratio and other oxides ratios indicate stronger chemical weathering due to a wet climate during the Medieval Warm Period (MWP). However, the MWP was interrupted by an interval of relatively weaker chemical weathering conditions from AD 940–1070. Weak chemical weathering under a dry climate occurred during the Little Ice Age (LIA), and increased chemical weathering intensity during the Current Warm Period (CWP). Our proxy records of chemical weathering over the last millennium correlate well with the available proxy records of precipitation from Gonghai Lake as well as with the speleothem oxygen isotope record from Wanxiang Cave, but do not show a significant correlation with the temperature record in N China, suggesting that the chemical weathering intensity in the study area was mainly controlled by the amount of rainfall rather than by temperature. We conclude that high resolution lacustrine sediment geochemical parameters can be used as reliable proxies for climate variations at centennial‐decadal time scales.     

兰州地区新生代最老的风成沉积

黄土高原西部风成沉积的研究,是近年古气候研究的重要问题之一,但对新生代风成沉积底界的认识仍存在争议。渐新世晚期发育于兰州地区的咸水河组的岩性特征与黄土高原的风尘沉积有相似的特征,对其进行系统的沉积相和沉积环境研究对认识黄土高原西部早期风尘沉积有重要意义。本研究对兰州以北厚约916m的凤凰山剖面进行了岩石磁学、粒度、成份分析和电镜等多种分析,初步结果表明,咸水河组大部分黏土没有水平层理,其粒度概率分布曲线、概率累积曲线、组成特征和磁化率、元素含量及扫描电镜与典型黄土、古土壤和红黏土非常相似,为风成沉积,是目前发现的兰州地区新生代最老的风成沉积。这套黏土的色调和磁化率等环境代用指标与黄土高原的第四纪黄土接近,指示了第三纪早期一个低温干旱的地质环境。咸水河组中出现的砂砾石层,以颗粒大、分选差、一般无水平层理或层理不明显为特征,其粒度概率曲线、累积概率曲线与典型河流沉积物非常相似,是河流沉积物,指示了多期河流发育,可能与青藏高原的隆升有关。     

Overbank flooding and human occupation of the Shalongka site in the Upper Yellow River Valley,northeast Tibet Plateau in relation to climate change since the last deglaciation

Increased flooding caused by global warming threatens the safety of coastal and river basin dwellers, but the relationship of flooding frequency, human settlement and climate change at long time scales remains unclear. Paleolithic, Neolithic and Bronze Age cultural deposits interbedded with flood sediments were found at the Shalongka site near the north bank of the upper Yellow River, northeastern Tibetan Plateau. We reconstruct the history of overbank flooding and human occupation at the Shalongka site by application of optically stimulated luminescence and radiocarbon dating, grain size, magnetic susceptibility and color reflectance analysis of overbank sediment and paleosols. The reliability of OSL dating has been confirmed by internal checks and comparing with independent ¹⁴C ages; alluvial OSL ages have shown a systematic overestimation due to poor bleaching. Our results indicate that the Yellow River episodically overflowed and reached the Shalongka site from at least ~ 16 ka and lasting until ~ 3 ka. Soil development and reduced flooding occurred at ~ 15, ~ 8.3–5.4, and after ~ 3 ka, and prehistoric populations spread to the Shalongka site area at ~ 8.3, ~ 5.4, and ~ 3 ka. We suggest that climate change influenced the overbank flooding frequency and then affected prehistoric human occupation of the Shalongka site.     

Groundwater recharge and evolution of water quality in China’s Jilantai Basin based on hydrogeochemical and isotopic evidence

We investigated major ions, stable isotopes, and radiocarbon dates in a Quaternary aquifer in semi-arid northwestern China to gain insights into groundwater recharge and evolution. Most deep and shallow groundwater in the Helan Mountains was fresh, with total dissolved solids <1,000 mg L^?1 and Cl^? <250 mg L^?1. The relationships of major ions with Cl^? suggest strong dissolution of evaporites. However, dissolution of carbonates, albite weathering, and ion exchange are also the major groundwater process in Jilantai basin. The shallow desert groundwater is enriched in δ¹⁸O and intercepts the local meteoric water line at δ¹⁸O = ?13.4 ‰, indicating that direct infiltration is a minor recharge source. The isotope compositions in intermediate confined aquifers resemble those of shallow unconfined groundwater, revealing that upward recharge from intermediate formations is a major source of shallow groundwater in the plains and desert. The estimated residence time of 10.0 kyr at one desert site, indicating that some replenishment of desert aquifers occurred in the late Pleistocene and early Holocene with a wetter and colder climate than at present.     

Disciplinary structure and development strategy of physical geography in China

Journal of Geographical Sciences - Physical geography, one of the branches of geography, is the basic discipline of geographic science. And it is the scientific foundation of ecology, environmental...