中国黄土和阿拉斯加黄土磁化率气候记录的两种模式探讨

在中国和中欧黄土-古土壤研究中发现的磁化率与成壤作用(或古气候温湿程度)的正相关性已被第四纪科学家广泛认识,并应用于古气候研究中.成壤过程形成的亚铁磁性矿物被认为是古土壤磁化率增加的主要原因;然而,这一模式并不一定适用于其他黄土沉积地区,如阿拉斯加和西伯利亚黄土沉积显示了一个完全相反的磁化率行为,即在黄土层获高磁化率值而在古土壤层获低磁化率.这种相反的关系过去被解释为磁化率反映的是与风动力吹来的亚铁磁性矿物的含量,即与风速或风力大小有关.本研究发现阿拉斯加黄土与古土壤的磁性矿物性质有明显差异,不仅仅是粒径的大小,还有磁性矿物的种类即矿物相的差别.这一证据很难单纯以风力强度的大小来解释,意味着阿拉斯加古土壤的低磁化率至少部分是在成壤过程中亚铁磁性矿物发生改变(如溶解)而造成,表明阿拉斯加黄土和中国黄土的磁化率与古气候记录可能存在两种模式,即氧化和还原条件下的成土模式.黄土磁化率在不同的气候(温度湿度)条件下有着不同的对应关系:在低降水量、高蒸发量的干旱氧化成壤条件下,利于亚铁磁性矿物的生成,其磁化率与古气候的关系呈正相关,如中国和中亚黄土;在高纬高湿的还原成壤条件下,亚铁磁性矿物会被破坏被分解,其磁化率与古气候呈负相关关系,如阿拉斯加黄土.如果成壤条件在氧化和还原之间来回变换,那么就很难找到两者之间的联系.因此,将磁化率应用于古气候的重建时要加倍的小心.     

Chemical weathering over the last 1200 years recorded in the sediments of Gonghai Lake,Lvliang Mountains,North China: a high‐resolution proxy of past climate

Increasing interest in global climate change has led to attempts to understand and quantify the relationship between chemical weathering processes and environmental conditions, especially climate. This interest necessitates the identification of new climate proxies for the reconstruction of two important Earth surface processes: physical erosion and chemical weathering. In this study, an AMS ¹⁴C‐dated 2.8‐m‐long sediment core, GH09B1, from Lake Gonghai in north‐central China was subjected to detailed geochemical analyses to evaluate the intensity of chemical weathering conditions in the catchment. Multivariate statistical analysis of major and trace elemental data of 139 subsamples revealed that the first principal component axis PCA1 explained ～53% of the variance in the assemblage of elements/oxides with significant positive correlations between PCA1 scores and the separation of mobile and soluble elements/oxides from the immobile and resistant elements/oxides, which is thus able to indicate the chemical weathering in the catchment. These results are supported by the down‐core trends of other major and trace elemental ratios of chemical weathering intensity as well as by pollen data from the same core. Variations in PCA1, chemical index of alteration (CIA), Rb/Sr ratio and other oxides ratios indicate stronger chemical weathering due to a wet climate during the Medieval Warm Period (MWP). However, the MWP was interrupted by an interval of relatively weaker chemical weathering conditions from AD 940–1070. Weak chemical weathering under a dry climate occurred during the Little Ice Age (LIA), and increased chemical weathering intensity during the Current Warm Period (CWP). Our proxy records of chemical weathering over the last millennium correlate well with the available proxy records of precipitation from Gonghai Lake as well as with the speleothem oxygen isotope record from Wanxiang Cave, but do not show a significant correlation with the temperature record in N China, suggesting that the chemical weathering intensity in the study area was mainly controlled by the amount of rainfall rather than by temperature. We conclude that high resolution lacustrine sediment geochemical parameters can be used as reliable proxies for climate variations at centennial‐decadal time scales.     

兰州地区新生代最老的风成沉积

黄土高原西部风成沉积的研究,是近年古气候研究的重要问题之一,但对新生代风成沉积底界的认识仍存在争议。渐新世晚期发育于兰州地区的咸水河组的岩性特征与黄土高原的风尘沉积有相似的特征,对其进行系统的沉积相和沉积环境研究对认识黄土高原西部早期风尘沉积有重要意义。本研究对兰州以北厚约916m的凤凰山剖面进行了岩石磁学、粒度、成份分析和电镜等多种分析,初步结果表明,咸水河组大部分黏土没有水平层理,其粒度概率分布曲线、概率累积曲线、组成特征和磁化率、元素含量及扫描电镜与典型黄土、古土壤和红黏土非常相似,为风成沉积,是目前发现的兰州地区新生代最老的风成沉积。这套黏土的色调和磁化率等环境代用指标与黄土高原的第四纪黄土接近,指示了第三纪早期一个低温干旱的地质环境。咸水河组中出现的砂砾石层,以颗粒大、分选差、一般无水平层理或层理不明显为特征,其粒度概率曲线、累积概率曲线与典型河流沉积物非常相似,是河流沉积物,指示了多期河流发育,可能与青藏高原的隆升有关。     

Overbank flooding and human occupation of the Shalongka site in the Upper Yellow River Valley,northeast Tibet Plateau in relation to climate change since the last deglaciation

Increased flooding caused by global warming threatens the safety of coastal and river basin dwellers, but the relationship of flooding frequency, human settlement and climate change at long time scales remains unclear. Paleolithic, Neolithic and Bronze Age cultural deposits interbedded with flood sediments were found at the Shalongka site near the north bank of the upper Yellow River, northeastern Tibetan Plateau. We reconstruct the history of overbank flooding and human occupation at the Shalongka site by application of optically stimulated luminescence and radiocarbon dating, grain size, magnetic susceptibility and color reflectance analysis of overbank sediment and paleosols. The reliability of OSL dating has been confirmed by internal checks and comparing with independent ¹⁴C ages; alluvial OSL ages have shown a systematic overestimation due to poor bleaching. Our results indicate that the Yellow River episodically overflowed and reached the Shalongka site from at least ~ 16 ka and lasting until ~ 3 ka. Soil development and reduced flooding occurred at ~ 15, ~ 8.3–5.4, and after ~ 3 ka, and prehistoric populations spread to the Shalongka site area at ~ 8.3, ~ 5.4, and ~ 3 ka. We suggest that climate change influenced the overbank flooding frequency and then affected prehistoric human occupation of the Shalongka site.     

四套全球网格降水数据集在伊朗的适用性评估

伊朗由于其独特的地理位置和脆弱的生态环境一直以来都是气候变化研究的热点区域,降水作为伊朗水资源的重要来源对生态环境和社会经济发展尤为重要,因此评估降水数据集的适用性是进行科学研究的基础。本文利用伊朗1988—2017年103个观测站的年降水数据（OBS）,以平均偏差（Mean Error,ME）、均方根误差（Root Mean Square Error,RMSE）、相关系数（correlation coefficient,R）对Global Precipitation Climatology Centre（GPCC）V2020、Climatic Research Unit（CRU）TS 4.05、Terrestrial Air Temperature and Precipitation: Monthly and Annual Time Series（UDEL）V5.01和NOAA's Precipitation Reconstruction over Land（PREC）四套全球网格降水数据集在伊朗的适用性进行评估,并进一步分析了地形对不同数据集精度的影响。研究结果显示：① GPCC降水数据偏差最小,与观测数据相关性最高,最适合伊朗现代气候变化研究。② GPCC、CRU、和UDEL均能反映伊朗降水的基本特征,但普遍会低估降水高值,PREC数据不能准确反映伊朗降水的空间分布模态,因此使用PREC数据分析伊朗降水特征时应当谨慎。③ 海拔和坡度对ME、RMSE以及R有一定影响,坡向对数据集精度影响不大。以上结论可为四套数据的订正及其在伊朗地区气候变化研究中的应用提供科学依据。     

Groundwater recharge and evolution of water quality in China’s Jilantai Basin based on hydrogeochemical and isotopic evidence

We investigated major ions, stable isotopes, and radiocarbon dates in a Quaternary aquifer in semi-arid northwestern China to gain insights into groundwater recharge and evolution. Most deep and shallow groundwater in the Helan Mountains was fresh, with total dissolved solids <1,000 mg L^?1 and Cl^? <250 mg L^?1. The relationships of major ions with Cl^? suggest strong dissolution of evaporites. However, dissolution of carbonates, albite weathering, and ion exchange are also the major groundwater process in Jilantai basin. The shallow desert groundwater is enriched in δ¹⁸O and intercepts the local meteoric water line at δ¹⁸O = ?13.4 ‰, indicating that direct infiltration is a minor recharge source. The isotope compositions in intermediate confined aquifers resemble those of shallow unconfined groundwater, revealing that upward recharge from intermediate formations is a major source of shallow groundwater in the plains and desert. The estimated residence time of 10.0 kyr at one desert site, indicating that some replenishment of desert aquifers occurred in the late Pleistocene and early Holocene with a wetter and colder climate than at present.     

Disciplinary structure and development strategy of physical geography in China

Journal of Geographical Sciences - Physical geography, one of the branches of geography, is the basic discipline of geographic science. And it is the scientific foundation of ecology, environmental...     

共和盆地末次冰消期以来的植被和环境演变

在青藏高原共和盆地中的内陆湖泊--达连海获取40.92 m长的湖泊岩芯(DLH钻孔),选用植物残体作为测年材料,利用AMS14C测年技术建立可靠的地层年代序列,对岩芯进行孢粉分析,重建该地末次冰消期以来的古植被和古环境。末次冰消期以来达连海周围山地在14.8～12.9Cal ka BP和9.4～3.9 Cal ka BP时段曾发育森林,气候较湿润,达连海附近盆地发育的荒漠草原盖度增加或演化为草原;在15.8～14.8 Cal ka BP、12.9～9.4 Cal ka BP 和3.9～1.4 Cal ka BP 时段该地气候比较干旱,依据干旱的程度周围山地森林退化或消失,盆地内发育盖度较低的荒漠草原或草原化荒漠。1.4 Cal ka BP以来湿度有所增加,发育草原植被类型。依据植被的演替历史推断该地气候的变化历程是15.8～14.8 Cal ka BP 干旱,14.8～12.9 Cal ka BP 湿润,12.9～9.4 Cal ka BP干旱,9.4～3.9 Cal ka BP湿润,3.9～1.4 Cal ka BP干旱,1.4～0 Cal ka BP湿润。达连海的孢粉记录与附近青海湖的孢粉结果对比,发现两地植被发育基本一致。末次冰消期Bølling-Allerød 时期,山地森林发育;新仙女木事件发生时森林萎缩;全新世中期两地针叶林发育达到鼎盛,之后逐渐减少至消失。早全新世达连海森林扩张的时间滞后于青海湖,主要与两地森林树种的不同和植被演替的时间差异有关。该区森林发育的全盛时期在中全新世,这与石笋记录到的亚洲季风强盛时期在早全新世不相一致,可能与植被复杂的响应机制有关。