利用长期的地震存档资料进行近实时双差事件定位及对北加州的应用

介绍了一种利用互相关和双差方法快速对新地震事件相对于过去已精确定位的事件进行高精度重定位的实时方法。本方法自动将新事件的波形记录与它附近发生过的已归档事件进行互相关,以精确测量震相到时的差分。利用双差算法将这些数据以及从到时拾取中计算出的延迟时间,转换成新事件与它相邻事件的相对位置向量。利用来自北加州地震台网（NCSN）和北加州地震数据中心近实时的数据,及当地储存的北加州地震台网地震档案的拷贝等数据,将这项新的监测技术应用于加州北部的地震记录。与加州北部高分辨率双差地震目录相关的新的事件将被进行近实时（几十秒内）自动重新定位。利用北加州已发生的事件进行逆向测试,结果显示实时双差定位结果水平向的分辨率平均为0.08km,深度方向为0.24km。研究发现,因为地震记录的密度会持续增加及数字地震档案的积累,利用本方法定位新事件的精度随着时间的推移将不断地得以改善。实时双差地震定位能以前所未有的分辨力来监测活动断层在孕震特征上的时空变化,因此它在快速评估及减轻地震灾害的过程中具有显著的社会和经济效应。     

Hack's law of debris-flow basins

Hack's law was originally derived from basin statistics for varied spatial scales and regions.The exponent value of the law has been shown to vary between 0.47 and 0.70,causing uncertainty in its application.This paper focuses on the emergence of Hack's law from debris-flow basins in China.Over 5,000 debris-flow basins in different regions of China with drainage areas less than 100km2 are included in this study.Basins in the different regions are found to present similar distributions.Hack's law is derived fi'om maximum probability and conditional distributions,suggesting that the law should describe some critical state of basin evolution.Results suggest the exponent value is approximately 0.5.Further analysis indicates that Hack's law is related to other scaling laws underlying the evolution of a basin and that the exponent is not dependent on basin shape but rather on the evolutionary stage.A case study of a well known debris-flow basin further confirms Hack's law and its implications in basin evolution.     

Truncated plurigaussian simulations to characterize aquifer heterogeneity

Integrating geological concepts, such as relative positions and proportions of the different lithofacies, is of highest importance in order to render realistic geological patterns. The truncated plurigaussian simulation method provides a way of using both local and conceptual geological information to infer the distributions of the facies and then those of hydraulic parameters. The method ( Le Loc'h and Galli 1994 ) is based on the idea of truncating at least two underlying multi-Gaussian simulations in order to create maps of categorical variable. In this article, we show how this technique can be used to assess contaminant migration in highly heterogeneous media. We illustrate its application on the biggest contaminated site of Switzerland. It consists of a contaminant plume located in the lower fresh water Molasse on the western Swiss Plateau. The highly heterogeneous character of this formation calls for efficient stochastic methods in order to characterize transport processes.     

Geochemical study of submicron particulate matter(PM1)in a metropolitan area

Air pollution has become a major problem in urban areas due to increasing industrialization and urbanization.In this study ambient concentrations of PM1 and metal concentrations as well as source contributions were identified and quantified by using Positive Matrix Factorization(PMF)in receptor modeling in the Metropolitan Area of Porto Alegre,Brazil.The PM1 samples were collected on PTFE filters from December 2012 to December 2014 in two sampling sites.Major ion and trace element concentrations were assessed.The average concentrations were 12.8 and 15.2μg/m³ for Canoas and Sapucaia do Sul sites,respectively.Major ion contributions of PM1 were secondary pollutants such as sulfate and nitrate.Trace elements,especially Cu,Pb,Zn,Cd,and Ni also made important contributions which are directly associated with anthropogenic contributions.Our results show significantly higher levels in winter than in summer.Most of the PM1 and the analyzed PM species and elements originated from anthropogenic sources,especially road traffic,combustion processes and industrial activities,which are grouped in 7 major contributing sources.A back-trajectory analysis showed that the long-range transport of pollutants was not relevant in relation to the contribution to PM1 and metal concentrations.This work highlights the importance of urban planning to reduce human health exposure to traffic and industrial emissions,combined with awareness-raising actions for citizens concerning the impact of indoor sources.     

《工程测量学》双语教学的实践与评估

介绍工程测量学双语教学的具体实践过程,对工程测量学双语教学模式及教学效果进行了问卷调查、评估与分析,提出工程测量学双语教学存在的问题和应采取的改进措施。     

广西兴宾区农作物镉富集特征及控制因素研究

广西兴宾区是重要的商品粮基地,但该区土壤中镉(Cd)背景含量较高,通过系统采集各类农作物及对应根系土,对比不同种类作物的Cd元素含量特征、Cd元素在作物及根系土中的含量关系、Cd元素在根系土中的赋存状态对Cd元素在作物中含量的影响等,初步探明了该区农作物尤其是水稻籽实中Cd元素富集特征及受控因素。     

大数据开创地学研究新途径:查明相关关系,增强研究可行性

人类已经进入大数据时代,大数据研究的思想、方法在地学领域也备受关注。笔者认为,大数据研究的对象是数据,研究的工具是计算机,研究的方法、手段是查明数据间相关关系,研究的特点是取向高概率做出决策。大数据是通过对大量数据的挖掘,查明数据间的相关关系,研究问题并做出正确决策的思想、方法。本文提出大数据是应用“归纳法”开展科学研究的思想、方法,以及高性能计算机和大数据计算技术使“归纳法”得以升华的观点。文章通过对统计学、机器学习算法的深入探讨,得出大数据将改变人们对自然的理解和认知方式,改变科学研究的思想和方法,改变长期以来人们通过查找因果关系开展科学研究的习惯。大数据必将开创一条跨越复杂的因果关系、直接获得研究结果的全新的科学研究途径。随着数据爆发式增长,随着高性能计算机的普及和计算技术的迅猛发展,统计分析方法将很大程度地突破数据体量的限制,统计分析预测模型以其真实可靠的处理结果、对条件和结果良好的解释能力、结合机器学习算法对半结构化与非结构化数据的处理优势,将推动地质科学进入定量化研究的新高度。     

Magma chamber growth models in the upper crust: A review of the hydraulic and inertial constraints

Finite volumes of magma moving in confinement, store hydraulic potential energy for the generation,control and transmission of power. The Pascal's principle in a hydraulic jack arrangement is used to model the vertical and lateral growth of sills. The small input piston of the hydraulic jack is equivalent to the feeder dike, the upper large expansible piston equivalent to the magmatic chamber and the inertial force of the magma in the dike is the input force. This arrangement is particularly relevant to the case of sills expanding with blunt tips, for which rapid fracture propagation is inhibited. Hydraulic models concur with experimental data that show that lateral expansion of magma into a sill is promoted when the vertical ascent of magma through a feeder dike reaches the bottom contact with an overlying, flat rigid-layer. At this point, the magma is forced to decelerate, triggering a pressure wave through the conduit caused by the continued ascent of magma further down(fluid-hammer effect). This pressure wave can provide overpressure enough to trigger the initial hydraulic lateral expansion of magma into an incipient sill, and still have enough input inertial force left to continue feeding the hydraulic system. The lateral expansion underneath the strong impeding layer, causes an area increase and thus, further hydraulic amplification of the input inertial force on the sides and roof of the incipient sill, triggering further expansion in a self-reinforcing process. Initially, the lateral pressure increase is larger than that in the roof allowing the sill to expand. However, expansion eventually increases the total integrated force on the roof allowing its uplift into either a laccolith, if the roof preserves continuity, or into a piston bounded by a circular set of fractures. Hydraulic models for shallow magmatic chambers, also suggest that laccolith-like intrusions require the existence of a self-supported chamber roof. In contrast, if the roof of magmatic chambers loses the self-supporting capacity, lopoliths and calderas should be expected for more or less dense magmas, respectively, owing to the growing influence of the density contrast between the host rock and the magma.     

长江三峡库区地质灾害遥感图像信息处理及其监测和评估

长江三峡作为世界上最大的水利工程,引起了世界的广泛关注。水库堤岸的长度、水库容载力、三峡移民数量以及其对生态环境的影响都成为议论的焦点。最引人注目的是长江两岸存在大量的地质灾害,如：滑坡、崩塌等,其中有些大型灾害体目前仍处于活动状态,这将给三峡工程的安全与库岸稳定性以及库区生态环境带来深远的影响。因此,采用3S和多时相TM、SPOT、ERS—SAR和RADARSAT等图像集成新技术来快速有效地监测、研究和评估地质灾害对三峡工程以及周边环境的影响,为地质灾害的预防和治理提供科学依据,本成果具有重要的学术意义和实用价值。     

CONTROL OF GULLY EROSION USING STIFF GRASSES

Concentrated flow can cause gully formation on sloping lands and in riparian zones. Current practice for riparian gully erosion control involves blocking the gully with a structure comprised of an earthen embankment and a metal or plastic pipe. Measures involving native vegetation would be more attractive for habitat recovery and economic reasons. To test the hypothesis that switchgrass （Panicum virgatum L.） hedges planted at 0.5-m vertical intervals within a gully would control erosion, a series of hedges was established in four concentrated flow channels. Two of the channels were previously eroded trapezoidal channels cut into compacted fill in an outdoor laboratory. The other two channels were natural gullies located at the edge of floodplain fields adjacent to an incised stream. While vegetation was dormant, artificial runoff events were created in the two laboratory gullies and one of the natural gullies using synthetic trapezoidal-shaped hydrographs with peak discharge rates of approximately 0.03, 0.07, and 0.16 m3/s. During these tests flow depth, velocity, turbidity, and soil pore water pressures were monitored. The fourth gully was subjected to a series of natural runoff events over a five-month period with peaks up to 0.09 m3/s. Flow depths in all tests were generally 〈 0.3 m, and flow velocities varied spatially and exceeded 2.0 m/s at the steepest points of the gullies. Erosion rates were negligible for controlled flow experiments, but natural flows in the fourth gully resulted in 1 m ofthalweg degradation, destroying the central portions of the grass hedges, most likely due to the highly erodible nature of the soils at this site. Geotechnical modeling of soil steps reinforced with switchgrass roots showed factors of safety 〉 1 for step heights 〈 0.5 m, but instability was indicated for step heights 〉1 m, consistent with the experimental observations.