利用长期的地震存档资料进行近实时双差事件定位及对北加州的应用

介绍了一种利用互相关和双差方法快速对新地震事件相对于过去已精确定位的事件进行高精度重定位的实时方法。本方法自动将新事件的波形记录与它附近发生过的已归档事件进行互相关,以精确测量震相到时的差分。利用双差算法将这些数据以及从到时拾取中计算出的延迟时间,转换成新事件与它相邻事件的相对位置向量。利用来自北加州地震台网（NCSN）和北加州地震数据中心近实时的数据,及当地储存的北加州地震台网地震档案的拷贝等数据,将这项新的监测技术应用于加州北部的地震记录。与加州北部高分辨率双差地震目录相关的新的事件将被进行近实时（几十秒内）自动重新定位。利用北加州已发生的事件进行逆向测试,结果显示实时双差定位结果水平向的分辨率平均为0.08km,深度方向为0.24km。研究发现,因为地震记录的密度会持续增加及数字地震档案的积累,利用本方法定位新事件的精度随着时间的推移将不断地得以改善。实时双差地震定位能以前所未有的分辨力来监测活动断层在孕震特征上的时空变化,因此它在快速评估及减轻地震灾害的过程中具有显著的社会和经济效应。     

Hack's law of debris-flow basins

Hack's law was originally derived from basin statistics for varied spatial scales and regions.The exponent value of the law has been shown to vary between 0.47 and 0.70,causing uncertainty in its application.This paper focuses on the emergence of Hack's law from debris-flow basins in China.Over 5,000 debris-flow basins in different regions of China with drainage areas less than 100km2 are included in this study.Basins in the different regions are found to present similar distributions.Hack's law is derived fi'om maximum probability and conditional distributions,suggesting that the law should describe some critical state of basin evolution.Results suggest the exponent value is approximately 0.5.Further analysis indicates that Hack's law is related to other scaling laws underlying the evolution of a basin and that the exponent is not dependent on basin shape but rather on the evolutionary stage.A case study of a well known debris-flow basin further confirms Hack's law and its implications in basin evolution.     

Truncated plurigaussian simulations to characterize aquifer heterogeneity

Integrating geological concepts, such as relative positions and proportions of the different lithofacies, is of highest importance in order to render realistic geological patterns. The truncated plurigaussian simulation method provides a way of using both local and conceptual geological information to infer the distributions of the facies and then those of hydraulic parameters. The method ( Le Loc'h and Galli 1994 ) is based on the idea of truncating at least two underlying multi-Gaussian simulations in order to create maps of categorical variable. In this article, we show how this technique can be used to assess contaminant migration in highly heterogeneous media. We illustrate its application on the biggest contaminated site of Switzerland. It consists of a contaminant plume located in the lower fresh water Molasse on the western Swiss Plateau. The highly heterogeneous character of this formation calls for efficient stochastic methods in order to characterize transport processes.     

Geochemical study of submicron particulate matter(PM1)in a metropolitan area

Air pollution has become a major problem in urban areas due to increasing industrialization and urbanization.In this study ambient concentrations of PM1 and metal concentrations as well as source contributions were identified and quantified by using Positive Matrix Factorization(PMF)in receptor modeling in the Metropolitan Area of Porto Alegre,Brazil.The PM1 samples were collected on PTFE filters from December 2012 to December 2014 in two sampling sites.Major ion and trace element concentrations were assessed.The average concentrations were 12.8 and 15.2μg/m³ for Canoas and Sapucaia do Sul sites,respectively.Major ion contributions of PM1 were secondary pollutants such as sulfate and nitrate.Trace elements,especially Cu,Pb,Zn,Cd,and Ni also made important contributions which are directly associated with anthropogenic contributions.Our results show significantly higher levels in winter than in summer.Most of the PM1 and the analyzed PM species and elements originated from anthropogenic sources,especially road traffic,combustion processes and industrial activities,which are grouped in 7 major contributing sources.A back-trajectory analysis showed that the long-range transport of pollutants was not relevant in relation to the contribution to PM1 and metal concentrations.This work highlights the importance of urban planning to reduce human health exposure to traffic and industrial emissions,combined with awareness-raising actions for citizens concerning the impact of indoor sources.     

Magma chamber growth models in the upper crust: A review of the hydraulic and inertial constraints

Finite volumes of magma moving in confinement, store hydraulic potential energy for the generation,control and transmission of power. The Pascal's principle in a hydraulic jack arrangement is used to model the vertical and lateral growth of sills. The small input piston of the hydraulic jack is equivalent to the feeder dike, the upper large expansible piston equivalent to the magmatic chamber and the inertial force of the magma in the dike is the input force. This arrangement is particularly relevant to the case of sills expanding with blunt tips, for which rapid fracture propagation is inhibited. Hydraulic models concur with experimental data that show that lateral expansion of magma into a sill is promoted when the vertical ascent of magma through a feeder dike reaches the bottom contact with an overlying, flat rigid-layer. At this point, the magma is forced to decelerate, triggering a pressure wave through the conduit caused by the continued ascent of magma further down(fluid-hammer effect). This pressure wave can provide overpressure enough to trigger the initial hydraulic lateral expansion of magma into an incipient sill, and still have enough input inertial force left to continue feeding the hydraulic system. The lateral expansion underneath the strong impeding layer, causes an area increase and thus, further hydraulic amplification of the input inertial force on the sides and roof of the incipient sill, triggering further expansion in a self-reinforcing process. Initially, the lateral pressure increase is larger than that in the roof allowing the sill to expand. However, expansion eventually increases the total integrated force on the roof allowing its uplift into either a laccolith, if the roof preserves continuity, or into a piston bounded by a circular set of fractures. Hydraulic models for shallow magmatic chambers, also suggest that laccolith-like intrusions require the existence of a self-supported chamber roof. In contrast, if the roof of magmatic chambers loses the self-supporting capacity, lopoliths and calderas should be expected for more or less dense magmas, respectively, owing to the growing influence of the density contrast between the host rock and the magma.     

长江三峡库区地质灾害遥感图像信息处理及其监测和评估

长江三峡作为世界上最大的水利工程,引起了世界的广泛关注。水库堤岸的长度、水库容载力、三峡移民数量以及其对生态环境的影响都成为议论的焦点。最引人注目的是长江两岸存在大量的地质灾害,如：滑坡、崩塌等,其中有些大型灾害体目前仍处于活动状态,这将给三峡工程的安全与库岸稳定性以及库区生态环境带来深远的影响。因此,采用3S和多时相TM、SPOT、ERS—SAR和RADARSAT等图像集成新技术来快速有效地监测、研究和评估地质灾害对三峡工程以及周边环境的影响,为地质灾害的预防和治理提供科学依据,本成果具有重要的学术意义和实用价值。     

CONTROL OF GULLY EROSION USING STIFF GRASSES

Concentrated flow can cause gully formation on sloping lands and in riparian zones. Current practice for riparian gully erosion control involves blocking the gully with a structure comprised of an earthen embankment and a metal or plastic pipe. Measures involving native vegetation would be more attractive for habitat recovery and economic reasons. To test the hypothesis that switchgrass （Panicum virgatum L.） hedges planted at 0.5-m vertical intervals within a gully would control erosion, a series of hedges was established in four concentrated flow channels. Two of the channels were previously eroded trapezoidal channels cut into compacted fill in an outdoor laboratory. The other two channels were natural gullies located at the edge of floodplain fields adjacent to an incised stream. While vegetation was dormant, artificial runoff events were created in the two laboratory gullies and one of the natural gullies using synthetic trapezoidal-shaped hydrographs with peak discharge rates of approximately 0.03, 0.07, and 0.16 m3/s. During these tests flow depth, velocity, turbidity, and soil pore water pressures were monitored. The fourth gully was subjected to a series of natural runoff events over a five-month period with peaks up to 0.09 m3/s. Flow depths in all tests were generally 〈 0.3 m, and flow velocities varied spatially and exceeded 2.0 m/s at the steepest points of the gullies. Erosion rates were negligible for controlled flow experiments, but natural flows in the fourth gully resulted in 1 m ofthalweg degradation, destroying the central portions of the grass hedges, most likely due to the highly erodible nature of the soils at this site. Geotechnical modeling of soil steps reinforced with switchgrass roots showed factors of safety 〉 1 for step heights 〈 0.5 m, but instability was indicated for step heights 〉1 m, consistent with the experimental observations.     

电磁和电离层监测的短期地震预报系统

最近科学界确定和公认这样一个事实：在大地震（火山喷发）之前的几天或几小时,在强震和火山活动区的地壳和对流层中存在电磁耦合过程,在电离层内存在异常变化。解释这一现象的一批物理模型出现了。其中最可能的模型基于大气边界层地壳发射物（氡、惰性气体和金属气溶胶）的化学反应。这些发射物改变了边界层的电导率,从而改变了活动区域内的大气电场值。根据实验测量,在大地震前几天或几小时,地表的地震感应的垂直电场强度可达到1至几个kV／m,而在无干扰情况下该值为100v／m。异常电场渗透到电离层引起了不同种类的变化（离子成分、电子密度、标高、电子温度等的变化）,这些变化用实验方法可以从地面及人造卫星上测量到。这样的变化被称作地震的电离层前兆。电离层前兆的优点在于电离层把活动区域作为一个整体,而不只是事件在地面上发生的一个点进行测量。这就避免了导致地面测量的物理和地球化学前兆中出现错误的前兆镶嵌式特征。第二个优点是与其他前兆比较电离层前兆的出现有稳定的时间尺度,这使它在短临地震预报中更具实用价值。因为对所有IASPEI需求的响应,我们现有的知识水平使得电离层前兆的短期地震预报成为可能。逼近震中的位置可以从电离层前兆沿磁力线到地面的投影估计出来。要预报的地震震级可以由电离层中被改变区域的大小估计出来。发震时间可以从电离层前兆出现的时间估计出来。考虑到提议的短临预报系统是第一次创建,地震参数测定的精确度将在系统测试阶段加以确定。作为第一步,这些参数可在理论上估计出来。项目任务阐明如下：（1）在墨西哥Guerrem州创建连续的电磁和电离层监测系统包括基于地面的电离层测高仪,IGEF UNAM和INEGI的GPS接收仪网络,电场探测器网络,监测P．H脉冲的高频（HF）接收仪,甚低频（VLF）接收仪,高频（HF）多普勒装置,氧元素的557．7nm和630nm谱线的光学测量法,磁力仪网络。（2）测试系统的质量,用实验的方法确定虚报和错报的概率及地震参数测定的精确度。（3）如果结果没有问题,就在墨西哥Guerrero州和墨西哥的所有地震活动区应用该系统。（4）把该体系推荐给其他遭受地震灾害的国家,使其在他们的地域内应用。部分已创建的体系和所使用的技术受专利保护。     

2012年4月11日M8.6印度洋地震的深远影响:短期全球触发后为更长期全球阴影

2012年4月11日发生的M8.6印度洋地震是一次不寻常的洋内走滑大地震。在几天中,距离震中很远(数千千米)处的全球M≥4.5和M≥6.5地震活动发生率都有提高。走滑型主震通过其勒夫波触发了全球性的走滑余震,并持续了数天。但在随后的95天中,M≥6.5地震的活动率下降到零,而在此期间M≤6.0的全球地震发生率则与背景接近。在过去的一个世纪中,震后95天的时间内很少不发生M≥6.5的地震,大型主震之后更是没有过。同时在过去的一个世纪中,历次大主震(M≥8)后的静止期或者是非常短,或者是在给定主震后经过很长时间才开始,对于这一点我们无法给出相应的物理解释。2012年主震的独特之处体现在两个方面:短暂的全球地震活动增多和随后很长的静止期。我们认为,这两者之间是有联系的,且可以将这种模式解释为全球断层系动态应力作用的结果。瞬时动态应力可以促进短期的触发,但自相矛盾的是,它也可以暂时抑制破裂,直到背景构造负荷将断层系恢复到主震前的应力水平。     

Damage detection on framed structures: modal curvature evaluation using Stockwell Transform under seismic excitation

The key parameters for damage detection and localization are eigenfrequencies, related equivalent viscous damping factors and mode shapes. The classical approach is based on the evaluation of these structural parameters before and after a seismic event, but by using a modern approach based on time-frequency transformations it is possible to quantify these parameters throughout the ground shaking phase. In particular with the use of the S-Transform, it is possible to follow the temporal evolution of the structural dynamics parameters before, during and after an earthquake. In this paper, a methodology for damage localization on framed structures subjected to strong motion earthquakes is proposed based on monitoring the modal curvature variation in the natural frequency of a structure. Two examples of application are described to illustrate the technique: Computer simulation of the nonlinear response of a model, and several laboratory(shaking table) tests performed at the University of Basilicata(Italy). Damage detected using the proposed approach and damage revealed via visual inspections in the tests are compared.