Deep Geodynamics of the Himalaya Orogeny

DEEP GEODYNAMICS OF THE HIMALAYA OROGENYRFBR( grant 990 56 56 38)     

通过塞米巴拉金斯克的低当量爆炸研究NORESS台阵的远震事件检测

布设在挪威的小孔径台阵NORESS是为改进高频段(1～15Hz)信噪比而设计的。虽然它的主要目的是增强检测和特征化区域距离上的弱地震事件的能力,但还发现这种台阵对于研究远震事件也是非常有效的,尤其是用在欧亚大陆。这主要有两方面的原因:(1)由于高Q值路径,欧亚地震和爆炸记录一般有较高的主频,通常在1.5～4.0Hz范围内,而该区域的噪声水平较低;(2)在此频率范围内,台阵有特别高的信噪比增益12～14dB(0.6～0.7m_b单位)。 NORESS台阵在线检测效能的分析表明,即使在小震中区内也有大的区域变化。这主要是源区底下的信号集中效应,类似于以前横跨大台阵观测的接收器集中效应。对NORESS记录的塞米巴拉金斯克试验场地下核爆炸的详细研究表明,相对于全球m_b,NORESS有明显的正m_b偏差。其在东部(沙甘河)最高(1.0m_b单位),而在西部(德格连/科尼斯坦)稍低(0.4m_b单位),尽管各区城内相当分散。分析NORESS台阵接收的一组塞米巴拉金斯克低当量核爆炸资料的观测信噪比,参考公开发表的俄文文献中给出的当量,我们估计,在正常的噪声条件下,NORESS台阵能检测到低到0.1kt全偶合的爆炸信号。但由于只有少量的参考事件且其中大量是推断的,给出一个精确的阈值是困难的。需要强调的是,在噪声水平异常高(如在大地震的尾波中)或偶合条件不是很佳(如在完全或部分空解偶)的情况下,这个检测水平是达不到的。还必须注意,事件识别阈值必须高于信号检测阈值。     

西昆仑大地构造相解剖及其多岛增生过程

西昆仑造山带的大地构造相自北向南大致包括：（ｉ）塔里木地块西南构造域, （ｉｉ）库地北岩浆弧,（ｉｉｉ）库地混杂带,（ｉｖ）库地微陆块,（ｖ）主剪切带,（ｖｉ）峡南桥钙 碱性岩浆杂岩带,（ｖｉｉ）麻扎－康西瓦混杂带－增生楔,（ｖｉｉｉ）甜水海前陆褶皱冲断带等组成 部分．其中大地构造相（Ｉ）－（ｖ）记录了晚元古代－早古生代原特提斯大洋向北消减,欧 亚大陆向南增生的历史,而大地构造相（ｖｉ）－（ｖｉｉｉ）记录了羌塘地块北部被动陆缘沉积 大地构造演化、古特提斯洋晚古生代－早中生代的消减以及羌塘地块与欧亚大陆碰撞、 拼贴并最终焊合的历史．大地构造相分析表明西昆仑造山带存在复杂的多岛海－增生弧 造山作用．这种复杂的多岛增生作用是欧亚大陆向南增生的重要特征．     

重庆市丰都县弹子台水库工程地质问题

根据室内外大量调查测试资料,对重庆市丰都县弹子台水库特殊的工程地质问题,进行了阐述和深入系统分析,所得结论为该水库的论证和设计提供了依据。     

Structural and tectonothermal evolution of the ultrahigh-temperature Bakhuis Granulite Belt,Guiana Shield,Surinam:Palaeoproterozoic to recent

We constrain the multistage tectonic evolution of the Palaeoproterozoic UHT metamorphic(P=0.9–1.0 GPa,T>1000℃,t=2088–2031 Ma)Bakhuis Granulite Belt(BGB)in Surinam on the Guiana Shield,using large-to small-scale structures,Al-in-hornblende thermobarometry and published fluid inclusion and zircon geochronological data.The BGB forms a narrow,NE–SW striking belt between two formerly connected,~E–W oriented granite-greenstone belts,formed between converging Amazonian and West African continental masses prior to collision and Transamazonian orogeny.Inherited detrital zircon in BGB metasediments conforms agewise to Birimian zircon of West Africa and suggests derivation from the subsequently subducted African passive margin.Ultrahigh-temperature metamorphism may have followed slab break-off and asthenospheric heat advection.Peak metamorphic structures result from layer-parallel shearing and folding,reflecting initial transtensional exhumation of the subducted African margin after slab break-off.A second HT event involves intrusion,at ca.0.49 GPa,of charnockites and metagabbros at 1993–1984 Ma and a layered anorthosite at 1980 Ma,after the BGB had already cooled to<400℃.The event is related to northward subduction under the greenstone belts,along a new active margin to their south.A pronounced syntaxial bend in the new margin points northward towards the BGB and is likely the result of indentation by an anticlinorial flexural bulge of the subducting plate.Tearing of the subducting oceanic plate along this bulge explains why the charnockites are restricted to the BGB.The BGB subsequently experienced doming under an extensional detachment exposed in its southwestern border zone.Exhumation was focused in the BGB as a result of the flexural bulge in the subducting plate and localised heating of the overriding plate by charnockite magmatism.The present,straight NE–SW long-side boundaries of the BGB are superimposed mylonite zones,overprinted by pseudotachylites,previously dated at ca.1200 Ma and 950 Ma,respectively.The 1200 Ma mylonites reflect transpressional popping-up of the BGB,caused by EW-directed intraplate principal compressive stresses from Grenvillian collision preserved under the eastern Andes.Further exhumation of the BGB involved the 950 Ma pseudotachylite decorated faulting,and Phanerozoic faulting along reactivated Meso-and Neoproterozoic lineaments.     

岩浆型磷灰石结构四面体替换特征的标型意义

根据文献中列了的５６个产于碳酸岩－碱性岩磷灰石的成分数据，讨论了这些岩浆型磷灰石结构四面体替换特征的标型意义，并定义出四面体替换指数，（ＴＳＩ＝（Ｓｉ＋ＳＣ）／Ｐ，单位晶胞原子数百分比），以区别侵入相碳酸岩磷灰石，喷发相碳酸岩磷灰石和碱性岩磷灰石：ＩＡＰ的ＴＳＩ为０－６．９，平均３．６２，仅少量Ｃ进入Ｔ位置；     

新疆玛纳斯湖沉积柱样的古气候古环境研究

本文提供玛纳斯湖两个长约５ｍ柱样的研究结果，并据此讨论新疆西部晚第四纪古气候演化。研究内容包括沉积物的矿物组成、自生碳酸盐的稳定同位素组成、孢粉组合等；用加速器质谱（ＡＭＳ）测定碳酸盐或有机质的＾１４Ｃ年龄。讨论了δ＾１８Ｏ剖面与亚洲夏季季风的关系。柱样的研究结果表明：玛纳斯湖地区晚更新世的３７０００－３２０００ａＢ．Ｐ．气候潮湿，而后又回到末次冰期的极端干旱气候。１２０００－１００００ａＢ．Ｐ．     

地理现象的可分割性质

在过去几年里,分割的概念引起了人们的极大关注。其主要思想起源于地图数据研究,而且它的很多应用继续牵涉到空间现象。在对比例尺的答复、自相似和空间循环细分三个标题下,我们回顾了地理学与分割的关联。分割度大小为表现制图综合效果特性和评价以空间样本为预告对象所推出的数据表示提供了手段。分割表面自相似特性,使得它如同在地貌过程研究中开始的或不存在的假设景观一样有用。空间现象的广泛变化,据统计,在许多规模上被证明是自相似,使人想起了像地理范围那样的比例尺依存关系的重要性。在文章三分之一的篇幅里,循环细分被证明是导致用数字形式表示空间数据的新奇和有效方法,并成为空间组织常见模型的特征。我们断定,分割被作为考虑空间形式传统方法重要变化,同时,与其说是提供了空间现象新的和重要的规范与标准,倒不如说提供了以经验为根据的可证实模型。     

海相碳酸盐和磷酸盐的钐-钕法:海水中钕同位素和大陆壳年龄的关系

本文研究了整个地质年代海水中确定 Nd 同位素变化的可能性,调查了方解石、霞石、磷灰石可以作为记录海水εNd 值的可能矿物相。海相环境下近代生物成因和无机沉淀的方解石和霞石,其含 Nd 量为0.2ppb 至70ppb,表明原生海相 CaCO_3含有很少的稀土元素,而且 Nd/Ca 比值相对于碳酸盐沉淀期间的海水来说也没有增加很多。非常年轻的不含大陆岩屑的海成石灰岩、白云岩、含 Nd 量约为200ppb。     

Hydrothermal Dolomite in the Upper Sinian (Upper Proterozoic) Dengying Formation,East Sichuan Basin,China

Hydrothermal Dolomite （HTD） is present in the Upper Sinian （Upper Proterozoic） Dengying Formation, east Sichuan Basin, China. The strata are comprised by primary dolomite. The HTD has various textures, including zebra dolomite, subhorizontal sheet-like cavities filled by saddle dolomite and breccias cemented by saddle dolomites as well occur as a fill of veins and fractures. Also co-occur MVT type lead-zinc ores in the study area. The δ13C and δ18O isotopes of HTD in the Upper Sinian Dengying Formation are lighter than those of the host rocks, while STSr/86Sr is higher. The apparent difference in carbon, oxygen and strontium isotopes, especially the large difference in S7Sr/S6Sr isotopes ratio indicate crystallization from hot basinal and/or hydrothermal fluids. Saddle dolomite was precipitated at temperatures of 270-320℃. The diagenetic parasequences of mineral assemblage deposited in the Dengying Formation are： （1） dolomite host rock →sphalerite-galena-barite-fluorite; （2） dolomite host rock →saddle dolomite →quartz; （3） dolomite host rock →saddle dolomite→bitumen; （4） dolomite host rock →saddle dolomite →barite. The mean chemical composition of the host dolomite matrix and HTD didn＇t change much during hydrothermal process. The fluids forming the HTDs in the Dengying Formation were mixtures of freshwater from the unconformity at the top of Sinian, fluids from diagenetic compaction and hydrocarbon generation ＆ expulsion from the Lower Cambrian Niutitang Formation mudstones or the Doushantuo Formation silty mudstones, and hydrothermal fluids from the basement. The hydrocarbon reservoirs associated with the HTD were mostly controlled by the basement faults and fractures and karsting processes at the unconformity separating Sinian and Cambrian strata. The hydrocarbon storage spaces of HTD included dissolved cavities and intercrystalline pores. Dissolution cavities are extensive at the top of Dengying Formation, up to about 46m below the unconformity between Sinian an