Local effects in pure astronomical refraction

Auf der Basis von sich über einen Zeitraum von 10 Jahren erstreckenden aerologischen Messungen für den Raum Pozna$ (φ = 52° 24′, $LD = 1^h 07^m.5, h₀ = 85 m) wurde eine statistische Analyse sowohl zeitlicher als auch lokaler Effekte der astronomischen Refraktion durchgeführt. Es wurden keine wahrnehmbaren Effekte zeitlicher Variationen in den höheren Atmosphärenschichten verzeichnet. Damit kann die momentane lokale Refraktion recht exakt durch die mittlere lokale Refraktion approximiert werden, die sich aus einem momentanen Brechungsindex n₀ auf dem Grundniveau bestimmt. Es gibt jedoch eine systematische Differenz zwischen der Standardrefraktion, berechnet mittels n₀, und der lokalen Refraktion. Dieser Unterschied erweist sich als recht deutlich, so da$sZ es sinnvoll ist, eine lokale Korrektur für die Standardrefraktion einzuführen. Für Poznan ist diese Korrekturgrö$sZe negativ und beläuft sich auf 0″.01 fürz₀ = 60°, 0″.1 für z₀ = 77°, 1″ für z₀ = 85°, und 3″ für z₀ = 87°. At z₀ = 82°. Für Werte grö$sZer als z₀ = 82° überschätzt die Korrektur die Varianz der stochastischen Refraktionsanomalien (Bildbewegung), die über einen Zeitraum von 60 s integriert wurde. Diese Arbeit gibt eine Antwort auf die schon lange diskutierte Frage, ob wir eine lokale reine Refraktion anwenden sollten und wenn ja, in welcher Weise.     

Versuch der Geschlechtsbestimmung beim Wels,Silurus glanis L., mit Hilfe der Diskriminanzanalyse von Brustflossendaten

Width of the first ray of the pectoral fin has been measured in two places for 154 young and 89 adult wels. Statistical relationships between the above characters and fish length as well as its maturity and sex have been proved. Three models of discriminant function for identification of adult fish sex have been derived and verified. The accuracy of sex separation has been 89,5% in a standard sample of wels, and 90,6% in a routine sample, after an adjustment in the procedure.     

Motion of salt water and associated fronts in tideless estuaries

The hydrodynamics of saline water in Polish estuaries are addressed in this paper. The phenomena are described on the basis of field data from several types of estuaries along the Polish Baltic Coast. Field measurements were made to reveal and to characterize the physical processes in these estuaries; this information was then used for analytic testing and verification of mathematical models. The results demonstrate the unsteady and changeable nature of both the flow conditions and the motion of salt water in tideless estuaries. The magnitudes and directions of the barotropic and baroclinic horizontal pressure gradients have a marked influence on the flow characteristics and motion of salt water in these tideless estuaries.     

Uranium and thorium in the Kupferschiefer formation,Lower Zechstein,Poland

The Kupferschiefer in Poland has an increased U content. The facies high in organic matter are significantly enriched in U. The maximum values of U are mostly in the lower part of the Kupferschiefer sequence. The mean (x) U content in the Kupferschiefer from the Lubin-Sieroszowice district is 61.5 ppm and from the rest of the Polish Zechstein basin is about 26 ppm. Thorium occurs only in small quantities (x) = 1.5 and 5 ppm respectively). The high variance of U and Th in the Kupferschiefer is due to multistage diagenetic processes. The main U carrier is thucholite. The investigated thucholite showed a Th-content below 0.36 ppm. Thucholite with uraninite exolutions showed small (up to 1.0 wt.%) admixtures of U and thucholite without microscopically visible exsolutions (up to 37.85 wt.% U). The phosphates showed significant amounts of U (up to 0.24 wt.). The U content in the Kupferschiefer is significantly lower than in black shales from other part of the world. Uranium in the Lubin district is not economic.     

Fast-changing processes in a medium subject to loading as detected by resistivity measurements

Making measurements of electric resistivity at 16 s intervals, the authors noticed fast changes of this parameter prior to the occurrence of the main fracture. The changes are superposed on bay pulsations of increasing amplitude and decreasing period. This finding opens prospects for a wider use of an electric resistivity method and proves the high quality of automatic instruments, in particular their high resolution. It also gives evidence for the occurrence of short-period precursors in the fracture zone while the main fracture is being formed.     

Origin of minerals with intermediate chlorite-vermiculite structure (Szklary, Poland)

The vermiculite-like minerals show varied relative intensities of basal reflections and do not collapse fully when saturated with K and heated up to 700°C.

Transmission oblique texture X-ray diffraction patterns were used to determine a continuous series of the vermiculite-chlorite intermediate structures. Relative diffraction intensities in the region (060) were correlated with the amount of water released at 500–700°C to show that the investigated samples belong to two structurally distinctive series: vermiculitic and chloritic types. The structural premises indicate that the parent mineral for the chloritic intergrades should be chlorite and that for the vermiculitic series phlogopite.     

Albian and Cenomanian planktic Foraminiferida from the Trawne Beds (Pieniny Klippen Belt,Polish Carpathians)

Eighteen Albian and Cenomanian planktic Foraminiferida from the Pieniny Klippen Belt of Poland are discussed. A local biostratigraphic zonation (six zones) is proposed and certain problems of palaeoecology are reviewed. The lithostratigraphical element is the so-called Trawne Beds, a Cretaceous flysch in the Pieniny Klippen Belt.