全文获取类型
收费全文 | 1626篇 |
免费 | 81篇 |
国内免费 | 29篇 |
专业分类
测绘学 | 39篇 |
大气科学 | 176篇 |
地球物理 | 372篇 |
地质学 | 602篇 |
海洋学 | 132篇 |
天文学 | 249篇 |
综合类 | 4篇 |
自然地理 | 162篇 |
出版年
2023年 | 5篇 |
2022年 | 9篇 |
2021年 | 30篇 |
2020年 | 33篇 |
2019年 | 22篇 |
2018年 | 49篇 |
2017年 | 43篇 |
2016年 | 76篇 |
2015年 | 46篇 |
2014年 | 68篇 |
2013年 | 111篇 |
2012年 | 55篇 |
2011年 | 101篇 |
2010年 | 83篇 |
2009年 | 91篇 |
2008年 | 91篇 |
2007年 | 93篇 |
2006年 | 94篇 |
2005年 | 61篇 |
2004年 | 64篇 |
2003年 | 49篇 |
2002年 | 48篇 |
2001年 | 39篇 |
2000年 | 32篇 |
1999年 | 36篇 |
1998年 | 23篇 |
1997年 | 19篇 |
1996年 | 19篇 |
1995年 | 16篇 |
1994年 | 12篇 |
1993年 | 16篇 |
1992年 | 7篇 |
1991年 | 17篇 |
1990年 | 15篇 |
1989年 | 15篇 |
1987年 | 15篇 |
1986年 | 17篇 |
1985年 | 8篇 |
1984年 | 5篇 |
1983年 | 14篇 |
1982年 | 12篇 |
1981年 | 14篇 |
1980年 | 12篇 |
1979年 | 6篇 |
1978年 | 6篇 |
1977年 | 6篇 |
1976年 | 6篇 |
1975年 | 4篇 |
1974年 | 7篇 |
1973年 | 5篇 |
排序方式: 共有1736条查询结果,搜索用时 31 毫秒
181.
Using geodetic GPS receivers to measure vegetation water content 总被引:1,自引:0,他引:1
Wei Wan Kristine M. Larson Eric E. Small Clara C. Chew John J. Braun 《GPS Solutions》2015,19(2):237-248
182.
183.
184.
185.
Large-Scale Structures over a Single Street Canyon Immersed in an Urban-Type Boundary Layer 总被引:2,自引:2,他引:0
An analysis of the dynamics of the flow over a street canyon immersed in an atmospheric boundary layer is presented, using particle image velocimetry measurements in a wind tunnel. Care was taken to generate a 1:200 model scale urban type boundary layer that is correctly scaled to the size of the canyon buildings. Using proper orthogonal decomposition (POD) of the velocity field and conditional averaging techniques, it is first shown that the flow above the opening of the canyon consists of a shear layer separating from the upstream obstacle, animated by a coherent flapping motion and generating large-scale vortical structures. These structures are alternately injected into the canyon or shed off the obstacle into the outer flow. It is shown that unsteady fluid exchanges between the canyon and the outer flow are mainly driven by the shear layer. Finally, using POD, the non-linear interaction between the large-scale structures of the oncoming atmospheric boundary layer and the flow over the canyon is demonstrated. 相似文献
186.
A step-up street canyon is a characteristic urban element composed of two buildings in which the height of the upwind building ( $H_\mathrm{u}$ ) is less than the height of the downwind building ( $H_\mathrm{d}$ ). Here, the effect of canyon geometry on the flow structure in isolated step-up street canyons is investigated through isothermal wind-tunnel measurements. The measurements were acquired along the vertical symmetry plane of model buildings using two-dimensional particle image velocimetry (PIV) for normal approach flow. The building-height ratios considered were: $H_\mathrm{d}/ H_\mathrm{u} \approx 3$ , and $H_\mathrm{d}/ H_\mathrm{u} \approx 1.67$ . For each building-height ratio, the along-wind lengths (L) of the upwind and downwind buildings, and the street-canyon width (S) were kept constant, with $L \approx S$ . The cross-wind widths (W) of the upwind and downwind buildings were varied uniformly from $W/S \approx 1$ through $W/S \approx 4$ , in increments of $W/S \approx 1$ . The objective of the work was to characterize the changes in the flow structure in step-up canyons as a function of W/S, for fixed L, S, and $H_\mathrm{d}/H_\mathrm{u}$ values. The results indicate that the in-canyon flow structure does not vary significantly for $H_\mathrm{d}/H_\mathrm{u} \approx 3$ for the W/S values considered. Qualitatively, for $H_\mathrm{d}/H_\mathrm{u} \approx 3$ , the upwind building behaves as an obstacle in the upwind cavity of the downwind building. In contrast, the flow patterns observed for the $H_\mathrm{d}/H_\mathrm{u} \approx 1.67$ configurations are unique and counter-intuitive, and depend strongly on building width (W/S). For $W/S \approx 1$ and $W/S \approx 2$ , the effect of lateral flow into the canyon is so prominent that even the mean flow patterns are highly ambiguous. For $W/S \approx 3$ and 4, the flow along the vertical symmetry plane is more shielded from the lateral flow, and hence a stable counter-rotating vortex pair is observed in the canyon. In addition to these qualitative features, a quantitative analysis of the mean flow field and turbulence stress field is presented. 相似文献
187.
Similarity Scaling Over a Steep Alpine Slope 总被引:5,自引:5,他引:0
Daniel F. Nadeau Eric R. Pardyjak Chad W. Higgins Marc B. Parlange 《Boundary-Layer Meteorology》2013,147(3):401-419
In this study, we investigate the validity of similarity scaling over a steep mountain slope (30–41 $^\circ $ ). The results are based on eddy-covariance data collected during the Slope Experiment near La Fouly (SELF-2010); a field campaign conducted in a narrow valley of the Swiss Alps during summer 2010. The turbulent fluxes of heat and momentum are found to vary significantly with height in the first few metres above the inclined surface. These variations exceed by an order of magnitude the well-accepted maximum 10 % required for the applicability of Monin–Obukhov similarity theory in the surface layer. This could be due to a surface layer that is too thin to be detected or to the presence of advective fluxes. It is shown that local scaling can be a useful tool in these cases when surface-layer theory breaks down. Under convective conditions and after removing the effects of self-correlation, the normalized standard deviations of slope-normal wind velocity, temperature and humidity scale relatively well with $z/\varLambda $ , where $z$ is the measurement height and $\varLambda (z)$ the local Obukhov length. However, the horizontal velocity fluctuations are not correlated with $z/\varLambda $ under all stability regimes. The non-dimensional gradients of wind velocity and temperature are also investigated. For those, the local scaling appears inappropriate, particularly at night when shallow drainage flows prevail and lead to negative wind-speed gradients close to the surface. 相似文献
188.
Florence Habets Julien Boé Michel Déqué Agnès Ducharne Simon Gascoin Ali Hachour Eric Martin Christian Pagé Eric Sauquet Laurent Terray Dominique Thiéry Ludovic Oudin Pascal Viennot 《Climatic change》2013,121(4):771-785
This study presents an analysis of climate-change impacts on the water resources of two basins located in northern France, by integrating four sources of uncertainty: climate modelling, hydrological modelling, downscaling methods, and emission scenarios. The analysis focused on the evolution of the water budget, the river discharges and piezometric heads. Seven hydrological models were used, from lumped rainfall-discharge to distributed hydrogeological models, and led to quite different estimates of the water-balance components. One of the hydrological models, CLSM, was found to be unable to simulate the increased water stress and was, thus, considered as an outlier even though it gave fair results for the present day compared to observations. Although there were large differences in the results between the models, there was a marked tendency towards a decrease of the water resource in the rivers and aquifers (on average in 2050 about ?14 % and ?2.5 m, respectively), associated with global warming and a reduction in annual precipitation (on average in 2050 +2.1 K and ?3 %, respectively). The uncertainty associated to climate models was shown to clearly dominate, while the three others were about the same order of magnitude and 3–4 times lower. In terms of impact, the results found in this work are rather different from those obtained in a previous study, even though two of the hydrological models and one of the climate models were used in both studies. This emphasizes the need for a survey of the climatic-change impact on the water resource. 相似文献
189.
Mehmet Yesiltas Yoko Kebukawa Robert E. Peale Eric Mattson Carol J. Hirschmugl Peter Jenniskens 《Meteoritics & planetary science》2014,49(11):2027-2037
Synchrotron‐based Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy and Raman spectroscopy are applied with submicrometer spatial resolution to multiple grains of Sutter's Mill meteorite, a regolith breccia with CM1 and CM2 lithologies. The Raman and infrared active functional groups reveal the nature and distribution of organic and mineral components and confirm that SM12 reached higher metamorphism temperatures than SM2. The spatial distributions of carbonates and organic matter are negatively correlated. The spatial distributions of aliphatic organic matter and OH relative to the distributions of silicates in SM2 differ from those in SM12, supporting a hypothesis that the parent body of Sutter's Mill is a combination of multiple bodies with different origins. The high aliphatic CH2/CH3 ratios determined from band intensities for SM2 and SM12 grains are similar to those of IDPs and less altered carbonaceous chondrites, and they are significantly higher than those in other CM chondrites and diffuse ISM objects. 相似文献
190.
Jemma Davidson Alexander N. Krot Kazuhide Nagashima Eric Hellebrand Dante S. Lauretta 《Meteoritics & planetary science》2014,49(8):1456-1474
We report in situ O isotope and chemical compositions of magnetite and olivine in chondrules of the carbonaceous chondrites Watson‐002 (anomalous CK3) and Asuka (A)‐881595 (ungrouped C3). Magnetite in Watson‐002 occurs as inclusion‐free subhedral grains and rounded inclusion‐bearing porous grains replacing Fe,Ni‐metal. In A‐881595, magnetite is almost entirely inclusion‐free and coexists with Ni‐rich sulfide and less abundant Ni‐poor metal. Oxygen isotope compositions of chondrule olivine in both meteorites plot along carbonaceous chondrite anhydrous mineral (CCAM) line with a slope of approximately 1 and show a range of Δ17O values (from approximately ?3 to ?6‰). One chondrule from each sample was found to contain O isotopically heterogeneous olivine, probably relict grains. Oxygen isotope compositions of magnetite in A‐881595 plot along a mass‐dependent fractionation line with a slope of 0.5 and show a range of Δ17O values from ?2.4‰ to ?1.1‰. Oxygen isotope compositions of magnetite in Watson‐002 cluster near the CCAM line and a Δ17O value of ?4.0‰ to ?2.9‰. These observations indicate that magnetite and chondrule olivine are in O isotope disequilibrium, and, therefore, not cogenetic. We infer that magnetite in CK chondrites formed by the oxidation of pre‐existing metal grains by an aqueous fluid during parent body alteration, in agreement with previous studies. The differences in Δ17O values of magnetite between Watson‐002 and A‐881595 can be attributed to their different thermal histories: the former experienced a higher degree of thermal metamorphism that led to the O isotope exchange between magnetite and adjacent silicates. 相似文献