全文获取类型
收费全文 | 2086篇 |
免费 | 114篇 |
国内免费 | 85篇 |
专业分类
测绘学 | 61篇 |
大气科学 | 282篇 |
地球物理 | 483篇 |
地质学 | 751篇 |
海洋学 | 193篇 |
天文学 | 307篇 |
综合类 | 15篇 |
自然地理 | 193篇 |
出版年
2023年 | 10篇 |
2022年 | 21篇 |
2021年 | 38篇 |
2020年 | 49篇 |
2019年 | 48篇 |
2018年 | 71篇 |
2017年 | 65篇 |
2016年 | 103篇 |
2015年 | 63篇 |
2014年 | 90篇 |
2013年 | 137篇 |
2012年 | 78篇 |
2011年 | 126篇 |
2010年 | 102篇 |
2009年 | 121篇 |
2008年 | 116篇 |
2007年 | 107篇 |
2006年 | 108篇 |
2005年 | 86篇 |
2004年 | 84篇 |
2003年 | 66篇 |
2002年 | 60篇 |
2001年 | 47篇 |
2000年 | 38篇 |
1999年 | 45篇 |
1998年 | 30篇 |
1997年 | 26篇 |
1996年 | 24篇 |
1995年 | 25篇 |
1994年 | 22篇 |
1993年 | 18篇 |
1992年 | 11篇 |
1991年 | 20篇 |
1990年 | 22篇 |
1989年 | 19篇 |
1988年 | 7篇 |
1987年 | 14篇 |
1986年 | 17篇 |
1985年 | 11篇 |
1984年 | 9篇 |
1983年 | 17篇 |
1982年 | 19篇 |
1981年 | 19篇 |
1980年 | 12篇 |
1979年 | 10篇 |
1978年 | 8篇 |
1977年 | 8篇 |
1976年 | 9篇 |
1974年 | 9篇 |
1973年 | 6篇 |
排序方式: 共有2285条查询结果,搜索用时 265 毫秒
151.
Eugene Yee R. Chan P. R. Kosteniuk G. M. Chandler C. A. Biltoft J. F. Bowers 《Boundary-Layer Meteorology》1995,73(1-2):53-90
The statistics of level crossings and local extremes in concentration fluctuations in plumes dispersing in the atmosphere have been investigated. A set of concentration fluctuation tracer experiments has been utilized to measure the statistical propertics of the upcrossing interval (inter-arrival time between consecutive concentration bursts), excursion duration (persistence or width of concentration bursts), and concentration amplitude (difference between the maximum and minimum concentrations between successive upcrossings) with respect to a range of concentration crossing levels. In particular, the effect of downwind distance and atmospheric stratification on the level-crossing statistics has been studied in detail. It is shown that the effect of increasing atmospheric stability on level-crossing statistics is similar to the effect of increasing distance from the source in the sense that level-crossing statistics of concentration fluctuations in stable stratification resemble those in neutral stratification, but at a greater downwind distance. It is also found that the distribution of the interval between consecutive upcrossings of a concentration level, as well as the duration of an excursion across a concentration level, can be approximated by a lognormal distribution, whereas the distribution of the concentration amplitude is best characterized by a gamma distribution. Some implications of these results for the modeling of level-crossing statistics of concentration fluctuations are discussed. 相似文献
152.
Richard A. Ketcham Eric C. Beam Michelle A. Kominz 《Earth and Planetary Science Letters》1995,130(1-4):31-44
The effects of applying laboratory-derived material parameters to simple thermal basin subsidence models are examined. The temperature-dependent properties of thermal conductivity, specific heat and the coefficient of thermal expansion are considered, as well as conductivity contrasts between the crust and mantle and lithosphere-scale radiogenic heat production. The effects of conductivity and radioactivity are complementary, and can be predicted from the way in which they influence the initial and final steady-state geothermal gradient. A convex-up initial gradient, such as is generated by the conductivity and radioactivity functions and is also assumed to be the case based on independent evidence, will lead to more initial subsidence than in a simple constant-parameter model. The final subsidence will also be greater in the modified model, due to the fact that the stretching event will result in a lithospheric column which is intrinsically cooler than in the pre-deformation case. Because the coefficient of thermal expansion rises with increasing temperature, including its temperature dependence will result in a model with substantially less initial subsidence than one with a constant value. When these parameters are combined into a single model, the initial subsidence is approximately 15–20% less than in the constant-parameter model if radioactivity is not included, and 10% less if it is, while the final subsidence is about 5% greater without radioactivity and 7–9% greater with radioactivity included. Depending on the magnitude of extension, these effects can translate into differences of tens to hundreds of meters when compared to the constant-parameter model. 相似文献
153.
I. Iwasaki T. Ozawa M. Yoshida T. Katsura Chan Kuk Kim M. Aoyagi Y. Yoshiike 《Bulletin of Volcanology》1982,45(2):81-85
Many examples of mixed magmas in banded lavas have been studied. Another type of mixed magmas or inhomogeneity of magma reservoir found in the 1962 lava flows of Miyake-zima Volcano erupted from fissures is reported. 相似文献
154.
The counter-current gas-fluidized cascade (CFC) is a novel pneumatic device for separating mixed granular solids according to specific gravity. The possible utility of the CFC for beneficiation of coal in all size-ranges is presently under investigation, and in this paper some results are reported on pyrite beneficiation of synthetic pyrite-coal mixtures, and also on pyrite and ash beneficiation of as-received coal. The (geometric) mean particle size, by weight, of the coal used with added pyrite was 153 μm, and of the natural coal 233 μm. Preliminary results on the concentration of pyrite and ash in the reject streams indicate that CFC has some potential of being a simple and low-cost device for coal beneficiation. 相似文献
155.
D.J. Henry I.D.R. Mackinnon I. Chan A. Navrotsky 《Geochimica et cosmochimica acta》1983,47(2):277-282
A calorimetric study has shown that glasses along the albite-diopside join in the system albiteanorthite-diopside have positive enthalpies of mixing. Thermodynamic calculations based on these data describe a nearly symmetric, metastable, subliquidus irascibility gap along the join with a critical temperature at 910 K. The existence of the miscibility gap was tested experimentally by annealing an Ab50Di50 glass at 748 K and 823 K. Annealed glasses were examined by optical microscopy and by scanning and transmission electron microscopy. The glasses showed morphological and chemical features consistent with unmixing of two glass phases. The apparent mechanism of phase separation involves initial spinodal decomposition followed by coarsening to produce 0.1 μm–0.3 μm spherical glass phases. 相似文献
156.
The chemistry of glycolaldehyde (hydroxyacetaldehyde) relevant to the troposphere has been investigated using UV absorption spectrometry and FTIR absorption spectrometry in an environmental chamber. Quantitative UV absorption spectra have been obtained for the first time. The UV spectrum peaks at 277 nm with a maximum cross section of (5.5± 0.7)×10–20 cm2 molecule–1. Studies of the ultraviolet photolysis of glycolaldehyde ( = 285 ± 25 nm) indicated that the overall quantum yield is > 0.5 in one bar of air, with the major products being CH2OH and HCO radicals. Rate coefficients for the reactions of Cl atoms and OH radicals with glycolaldehyde have been determined to be (7.6± 1.5)×10–11 and (1.1± 0.3)×10–11 cm3 molecule–1 s–1, respectively, in good agreement with the only previous study. The lifetime of glycolaldehyde in the atmosphere is about 1.0 day for reaction with OH, and > 2.5 days for photolysis, although both wet and dry deposition should also be considered in future modeling studies. 相似文献
157.
Eric K. Noji 《Global Change & Human Health》2001,2(1):46-53
Biological weapons represent a unique "environmental" hazard. The pathogens involved are natural in the sense that they are
risks that naturally occur in our environment. However they are unnatural in the way in which they are inflicted upon society.
This revised version was published online in September 2006 with corrections to the Cover Date. 相似文献
158.
Alan D. Ziegler Edwin P. Maurer Justin Sheffield Bart Nijssen Eric F. Wood Dennis P. Lettenmaier 《Climatic change》2005,72(1-2):17-36
We use diagnostic studies of off-line variable infiltration capacity (VIC) model simulations of terrestrial water budgets
and 21st-century climate change simulations using the parallel climate model (PCM) to estimate the time required to detect
predicted changes in annual precipitation (P), evapotranspiration (E), and discharge (Q) in three sub-basins of the Mississippi River Basin. Time series lengths on the order of 50–350 years are required to detect
plausible P, E, and Q trends in the Missouri, Ohio, and Upper Mississippi River basins. Approximately 80–160, 50, and 140–350 years, respectively,
are needed to detect the predicted P, E, and Q trends with a high degree of statistical confidence. These detection time estimates are based on conservative statistical
criteria (α = 0.05 and β = 0.10) associated with low probability of both detecting a trend when it is not occurring (Type
I error) and not detecting a trend when it is occurring (Type II error). The long detection times suggest that global-warming-induced
changes in annual basin-wide hydro-climatic variables that may already be occurring in the three basins probably cannot yet
be detected at this level of confidence. Furthermore, changes for some variables that may occur within the 21st century might
not be detectable for many decades or until the following century – this may or may not be the case for individual recording
station data. The long detection times for streamflow result from comparatively low signal-to-noise ratios in the annual time
series. Finally, initial estimates suggest that faster detection of acceleration in the hydrological cycle may be possible
using seasonal time series of appropriate hydro-climatic variables, rather than annual time series. 相似文献
159.
W. David Rust Donald R. MacGorman Eric C. Bruning Stephanie A. Weiss Paul R. Krehbiel Ronald J. Thomas William Rison Timothy Hamlin Jeremiah Harlin 《Atmospheric Research》2005,76(1-4):247
Balloon-borne electric field soundings and lightning mapping data have been analyzed for three of the storms that occurred in the Severe Thunderstorm Electrification and Precipitation Study field program in 2000 to determine if the storms had inverted-polarity electrical structures. The polarities of all or some of the vertically stacked charge regions in such storms are opposite to the polarities observed at comparable heights in normal storms. Analyses compared the charge structures inferred from electric field soundings in the storms with charges inferred from three-dimensional lightning mapping data. Charge structures were inferred from electric field profiles by combining the one-dimensional approximation of Gauss's law with additional information from three-dimensional patterns in the electric field vectors. The three different ways of inferring the charge structure in the storms were found to complement each other and to be consistent overall. Charge deposition by lightning possibly occurred and increased the charge complexity of one of the storms.Many of the cloud flashes in each case were inverted-polarity flashes. Two storms produced ground flash activity comprised predominantly of positive ground flashes. One storm, which was an isolated thunderstorm, produced inverted-polarity cloud flashes, but no flashes to ground. The positive and negative thunderstorm charge regions were found at altitudes where, respectively, negative and positive charge would be found in normal-polarity storms. Thus, we conclude that these storms had anomalous and inverted-polarity electrical structures. Collectively, these three cases (along with the limited cases in the refereed literature) provide additional evidence that thunderstorms can have inverted-polarity electrical structures. 相似文献
160.
Bridging understanding of local environmental change with regional and global patterns of land-use and land-cover change (LUCC) remains a key goal and challenge for our understanding of global environmental change. This meta-analysis attempts to bridge local and regional scales of LUCC by demonstrating the ways in which previously published case studies can be compared and used for a broader regional synthesis in the tropics. In addition to providing results from a meta-analysis, this paper suggests ways to make future case studies more widely comparable. 相似文献