Observations on the building damages after 19 May 2011 Simav (Turkey) earthquake

An earthquake with a magnitude of 5.7 $(\text{ M}_{\mathrm{L}})$ has struck Simav, Kutahya located in the western part of Turkey on May 19, 2011. The ground motion caused observable damage within 25 km radius from the epicenter. Although the earthquake is moderate, its effects on the structures are serious. This paper presents the observations on seismic damages of reinforced concrete (RC) and masonry structures. Common reasons of damage in RC buildings are: low quality of concrete, detailing mistakes of reinforcement, short column, pounding, overhangs and misconstructed gable and outer infill wall parts. Interesting cases related to these deficiencies are reported. Damages in the masonry buildings are due to lack of connection between orthogonal walls and unsuitable location and dimension of openings. The damages at structures are more noticeable at regions with unfavorable soil conditions like plain regions or foothills. However, on stiffer soils at hilly sides, the damages seem to be more limited and masonry structures are observed to be less affected compared to the RC ones. The damages in RC buildings found to be increasing with story number for light damage states. However, for heavier damage states, 4–5 story buildings are observed to be the most damaged.     

Local site effects and dynamic soil behavior

Amplitudes of seismic waves increase significantly as they pass through soft soil layers near the earth's surface. This phenomenon, commonly known as site amplification, is a major factor influencing the extent of damage on structures. It is crucial that site amplification is accounted for when designing structures on soft soils. The characteristics of site amplification at a given site can be estimated by analytical models, as well as field tests. Analytical models require as inputs the geometry of all soil layers from surface to bedrock, their dynamic properties (e.g. density, wave velocity, damping), and the incident bedrock motions. Field tests involve recording and analyzing the dynamic response of sites to artificial excitations, ambient forces, and actual earthquakes. The most reliable estimates of site amplification are obtained by analyzing the recorded motions of the site during strong earthquakes. This paper presents a review of the types and the generating mechanisms of site amplification, and the models and methods that are used to characterize them from earthquake records.     

A Comparative Study of Ozonation,Homogeneous Catalytic Ozonation,and Photocatalytic Ozonation for C.I. Reactive Red 194 Azo Dye Degradation

In this study, the decolorization, dearomatization, and mineralization efficiencies of different advanced oxidation processes (AOPs; namely O₃, O₃/Fe(II), O₃/Fe(II)/UVA, and O₃/TiO₂/UVA) were investigated for the azo dye C.I. Reactive Red 194 (RR194). The effects of pH (3–11), amount of TiO₂ (0.05–1 g/L), and concentration of Fe(II) (0.1–1.6 mM) were investigated for the applied methods. The decolorization and mineralization efficiencies of the photocatalytic ozonation system (O₃/TiO₂/UVA) were increased by decreasing the pH of the dye solution in contrast to the ozonation system (O₃). Decolorization of RR194 was increased in the photocatalytic ozonation system with an increasing amount of catalyst however, a decreasing was occurred for the homogeneous catalytic system (O₃/Fe(II)) when increasing the concentration of catalyst. The decolorization efficiency of the homogeneous catalytic system (O₃/Fe(II)) was enhanced when combined with UVA light. In our study, the most efficient method for dearomatization and mineralization was the O₃/TiO₂/UVA among the applied AOPs.     

Adsorption Performance and Mechanism in Binding of Azo Dye by Raw Bentonite

The adsorption behavior of methyl orange (MO) from aqueous solution onto raw bentonite (RB) sample was investigated as a function of parameters such as pH, inorganic anion, contact time, and temperature. The Langmuir and Freundlich adsorption models were applied to describe the equilibrium isotherms. Langmuir adsorption capacity was found to be 34.34 mg/g at pH 4.0. The pseudo‐first‐order, pseudo‐second‐order kinetic, and the intra‐particle diffusion models were used to describe the kinetic data. The values of the energy (E_a), enthalpy (ΔH^≠), and entropy of activation (ΔS^≠) were calculated as 38.62 kJ/mol, 36.04 kJ/mol, and ?150.05 J/mol K, respectively, at pH 4.0.     

Syn-tectonic sedimentary evolution of the Miocene Çatallar Basin,southwestern Turkey

The Çatallar Basin is one of the Miocene basins located in the southern part of the Bey Da?lar? Massif (SW Turkey). This basin has been reinvestigated and new stratigraphic and sedimentological data are now presented. The Çatallar Basin lies in paraconformity on the Bey Da?lar? carbonate platform of Late Cretaceous to Palaeogene age. It consists of an impersistent, shallow-marine carbonate base (Karabay?r formation, Late Oligocene to Early Burdigalian) followed by an onlapping detrital sequence including the Akçay and Ba?beleni formations (Langhian to Serravallian). The Akçay formation mainly contains turbidites in which several debris-flows and olistostromes are intercalated. The lowest debris flows derive from the local carbonate platforms of Cretaceous and Palaeogene age. Higher, the debris flows and olistostromes contain large carbonate blocks deriving from nearby sources (Bey Da?lar? platform carbonates), whereas the accompanying pebbles originate from the allochthonous ophiolitic units located farther to the north (Lycian Nappes) or to the east (Antalya Nappes). The origin of these ophiolitic detritus is a matter of debate. The new data obtained in this study favour a northern origin.     

Evaluations on the relation of RC building damages with structural parameters after May 19, 2011 Simav (Turkey) earthquake

An earthquake has struck Simav, Kutahya, located in the western part of Turkey on May 19, 2011. This paper focuses on the evaluation of the regional damage data and detailed investigation on a set of selected reinforced concrete buildings in Simav county center. The soil properties in Simav are examined in detail using multi-channel analysis of surface wave measurements, boreholes and laboratory test data. The damages are observed to be independent of soil conditions being hilly or plain, both in regional and Simav county center level. However, a slight relation is observed: as the soil period increases, so does the damage. The most damaged buildings are the four story buildings, resembling the case after some other earthquakes in Turkey. Regarding the detailed numerical evaluations on the building set, the properties highly correlated with seismic damage are investigated. Based on the obtained findings, it is concluded that the global building properties may not be enough to establish a strong relation with damage due to the local damages at the structural member level, especially for smaller seismic events.     

Melting of crustal xenoliths within ascending basalt: Example from the Kula volcanic field,western Anatolia,Turkey

During its storage or ascent, basaltic magma inevitably interacts with the surrounding rocks. In this study, schist xenoliths incorporated within ascending basalt are examined. Heating of the xenoliths combined with decompression effect of rapid magma uprise led to dehydration melting of hydrous minerals producing hercynitic spinel, melt, sillimanite and FeTi oxides. The melt is rhyolitic, strongly peraluminous (1.77 < A/CNK < 2.35) and corundum normative. It may contain up to 8 wt%FeO_t. It occurs between the foliation planes and in the intragranular environment. Dehydration melting of micas in the schist is probably related to combined effects of heating by basaltic magma and decompression due to the rapid rise. Melting of xenoliths was a progressive process at low pressure. To cite this article: H. Bayhan et al., C. R. Geoscience 338 (2006).     

A Study: Removal of Cu(II), Cd(II), and Pb(II) Ions from Real Industrial Water and Contaminated Water Using Activated Sludge Biomass

This study aims to remove of Cu²⁺, Cd²⁺, and Pb²⁺ ions from solution and to investigate the adsorption isotherms, adsorption kinetics, and ion‐exchange affinities of these metals using waste activated sludge (AS) biomass. The adsorptions of the metals on biomass were optimal at an acidic pH value of 6.0 based on its monolayer capacities. Maximum monolayer capacities of AS biomass (q_max) were calculated as 0.478, 0.358, and 0.280 mmol g^?1 for Cu²⁺, Cd²⁺, and Pb²⁺, respectively, and the adsorption equilibrium time was found as 60 min for each metal. The adsorbed amount of metal rose with increasing of initial metal ion concentration. The equilibrium adsorption capacity of AS for initial 0.25 mmol L^?1 metal concentration was determined as 0.200, 0.167, and 0.155 mmol g^?1 for Cu²⁺, Cd²⁺, and Pb²⁺ ions, respectively. These relevant values were determined as 0.420, 0.305, and 0.282 mmol g^?1 for Cu²⁺, Cd²⁺, and Pb²⁺ ions, respectively, when initial metal concentration was 0.50 mmol L^?1. In the multi‐metal sorption system, the adsorption capacity of AS biomass was observed in the order of Cu²⁺ > Cd²⁺ > Pb²⁺. In the presence of 100 mmol L^?1 H⁺ ion, the order of ion‐exchange affinity with H⁺ was found as Cu²⁺ > Cd²⁺ > Pb²⁺. The adsorption kinetics were also found to be well described by the pseudo‐second‐order and intraparticle diffusion models. Two different rate constants were obtained as k_i1 and k_i2 and k_i1 (first stage) was found to be higher than k_i2 (second stage).     

Cyclicity in the Middle Eocene Yamak turbidite complex of the Haymana basin,Central Anatolia,Turkey

The Haymana basin in central Anatolia (Turkey) formed on a Late Cretaceous to Middle Eocene fore-arc accretionary wedge. A sequential model is proposed for the 1-km-thick Lutetian Yamak turbidite complex (YTC) which is the youngest paleotectonic unit of the basin. The YTC represents a prograding submarine fan subdivided into three depositional sequences (DS), each several hundred meters thick. Each depositional sequence consists of a turbidite system (TS), with sandstone and conglomeratic sandstone beds alternating with mudstones, overlain by basin plain mudstones. In each turbidite system, the sandstone and mudstone sequential organization allows the distinction of smaller subdivisions, namely, basic sequences (BS) and basic units (BU), with each basic sequence being composed of several basic units. This subdivision, associated with a two-dimensional geometric reconstruction of the YTC, leads to a better understanding of the evolution in time and space of the submarine fan system. Lower to middle fan depositional lobes, and upper fan and slope channels, are represented. As a whole, the YTC progressed from a sand-poor to a sand-rich system. Depositional sequences (DS) of the YTC may correspond to third-order sea-level cycles of tectonic origin. Accordingly, fourth- and fifth-order cycles might be proposed for the BS and BU, respectively. However, partly because of the limited extent of exposures, the allocyclic origin of these finer subdivisions remains problematic.