Some views on land ownership in urban planning and housing production in Sweden

Urbanisation is a functional change in land utilisation which requires a high degree of coordination in time and space. Swedish society has not considered it possible to entrust this coordination to the free market forces. A number of measures was introduced during the latter part of the sixties with a view to coordinating housing development by means of local authority-land ownership and preventing land speculation. In a recently published report of a Government Commission it is proposed that dwellings receiving Government housing loans (more than 90 % of building construction) shall only be built on land which is owned by the local authorities. The local authorities may then be assumed to be the only purchasers of land for housing development purposes. Their housing policy can be given a more short-term character and can be better adapted to urban planning. Urban development in Sweden during recent decades is characterised by a struggle between the two groups of our mixed-economy society, i. e., a social democratic government, and capitalistic enterprise. As far as the private individual is concerned, both parties are remote decision makers. The important question is whether an improvement in town environment may be expected before the private individual has been given a chance to influence planning. The relationship between housing development and land ownership in some Swedish towns over the period 1950–1970 is presented as an example of the realization of land policy.     

Zur Tektonik im Bereich der Brennerlinie

Zusammenfassung Die Verfasser entwickeln aus den Ergebnissen ihrer feldgeologischen und petrographischen Untersuchungen — gestützt auf gesteinsmechanische Überlegungen und tektonische Experimente — ein neues geologisches Konzept für das Tauernwestende.

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A new concept about the geology of the Brenner region is developed from field observations, petrographic investigations, mechanic considerations and tectonic experiments.

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Résumé Les auteurs présentent une conception géologique nouvelle de la partie occidentale des Tauern d'après leurs observations géologiques sur le terrain et leurs recherches pétrographiques, en s'appuyant sur des considérations de la mécanique des roches et des expériences tectoniques.

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FrauSchmitz-Wiechowski (Wiechowski 1968) hat die Phyllitserie östlich des Brenner untersucht und tektonische Grenzflächen verfolgt.Förster bearbeitete hauptsächlich das Gebiet westlich des Brenner.     

ON THE POSSIBLE CHANGES OF THE SOLAR DIFFERENTIAL ROTATION DURING THE ACTIVITY CYCLE DETERMINED USING MICROWAVE LOW-BRIGHTNESS-TEMPERATURE REGIONS AND Hα FILAMENTS AS TRACERS

The solar rotation rate obtained using the microwave Low-brightness-Temperature Regions (LTRs) as tracers in the heliographic range ± 55° from the years 1979–1980, 1981–1982, 1987–1988, and 1989–1991 varied from 3% to 4% in medium latitudes, and below 1% at the equator. Using H filaments as tracers at higher latitudes from the years 1979, 1980, 1982, 1984, and 1987, the solar rotation rate variation was between 2% and 8%. This represents an upper limit on the rotation rate variation during the solar activity cycle. Such changes could be caused by short-lived, large-scale velocity patterns on the solar surface. The Sun revealed a higher rotation rate on the average during the maxima of the solar activity cycles 21 and 22, i.e., in the periods 1979–1980 and 1989–1991, respectively, which differs from the rotation rates (lower on the average) in some years, 1981–1982 and 1987–1988, between the activity maximum and minimum (LTR data). Simultaneous comparison of rotation rates from LTRs and H filament tracings was possible in very limited time intervals and latitude bands only, and no systematic relationship was found, although the rotation rates determined by LTRs were mostly smaller than the rotation rates determined by H filaments. The errors obtained by applying different fitting procedures of the LTR data were analyzed, as well as the influence of the height correction. Finally, the north–south asymmetry in the rotation rate investigated by LTRs indicates that the southern solar hemisphere rotated slower in the periods under consideration, the difference being about 1%. The reliability of all obtained results is discussed and a comparison with other related studies was performed.     

Temporal variations in the fractal properties of seismicity in the North Anatolian Fault Zone between 31°E and 41°E

We investigate the nature of temporal variations in the statistical properties of seismicity associated with the North Anatolian Fault Zone between longitudes 31°–41°E during the instrumental period 1900–1992. Temporal variations in the seismicb value and the fractal (correlation) dimensionD _c of earthquake epicenters are examined for earthquakes of magnitudeM _S 4.5, using sliding windows of 100 consecutive events.b varies temporally between 0.6 and 1.0, andD _c between 0.6 and 1.4, both representing significant fluctuations above the errors in measurement technique. A strong negative correlation (r=–0.85) is observed betweenb andD _c , consistent with previous observation of seismicity in Japan and southern California. Major events early in this century (M _S 7) are associated with lowb and highD _c , respectively consistent with greater stress intensity and greater spatial clustering of epicenters—both implying a greater degree of stress concentration at this time.     

The Dinar Earthquake (Mw = 6.2; October 1, 1995; Afyon-Turkey) and Earthquake Hazard of the Dinar-Çivril Fault

—A moderately strong earthquake (M _w = 6.2) occurred in the town of Dinar at 17.57 UT on October 1, 1995, taking the lives of 90 people and damaging about 4500 buildings. Its epicenter is located near the Dinar-Çivril fault and its focal mechanism is linked to a northeast-southwesterly tensional stress field arising from the interaction between the subducting African plate and the overriding Aegean-Anatolian plate in the eastern Mediterranean.¶Surface cracks of the October 1 earthquake have been observed 10 km continuously along the Dinar-Çivril fault. The cracks have displayed a mode of dip-slip; however, some have also indicated lateral slip. The different modes of slip are generally in agreement with the fault plane solution and are indicators of the complex nature of the rupture process.¶In investigating the earthquake hazard of the Dinar-Çivril fault and proximity, the maximum likelihood method was used to estimate seismic hazard parameters of b-value, seismicity activity rate λ _m and the expected maximum magnitude M _max?. The data consisted of the historical data covering the period between 1800–1900 and instrumental data between 1900 and 1992. This method, allowing use of the mixed earthquake catalogue containing both historical and instrumental earthquake data, yielded values of 0.70, 1.92 and 7.14 for b, λ _m and M _max?, respectively. The recurrence time estimated for an earthquake of a magnitude of M _w = 6.2 is 123 years. The non-occurrence probabilities of such an earthquake in 1 and 50 years are 0.21 and 0.04, respectively.     

The dispersion of surface waves and crustal structure in African continent

Summary In this study has been interpreted the Love- and Rayleigh-waves of Agadir earthquake on February 29, 1960 recorded at Lwiro and Skopje earthquake on July 26, 1963 recorded at Pretoria and Windhoek by long period Columbia type seismographs, and determined the crustal structure in Africa with dispersion of both Love- and Rayleigh-waves along the paths on two different directions. The obtained results are compared each other and with those founded recently by several investigators for Africa and Europe. Herewith has been showed that the average thickness of the crust in Africa is thinner than in Europe and the thickness in direction from Skopje to Pretoria is more than that from Agadir to Lwiro.

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Zusammenfassung In diesem Artikel wurden die Love- und Rayleigh-Wellen vom Erdbeben in Agadir vom 29. Februar 1960, aufgezeichnet in Lwiro, und vom Erdbeben in Skopje vom 26. Juli 1963, aufgezeichnet in Pretoria und Windhoek von langperiodischen Columbia-Seismographen, untersucht und somit mit Dispersion von beiden Love- und Rayleigh-Wellen der Aufbau der Erdkruste in Afrika bestimmt. Die erhaltenen Resultate wurden miteinander und mit anderen Werten, die bis heute von verschiedenen Autoren für Afrika und Europa bestimmt wurden, verglichen. Somit wurde vorgelegt, dass die Erdkruste in Afrika im allgemeinen dünner ist als in Europa und dass die Schicht in der Richtung von Skopje zu Pretoria dicker ist als in der Richtung von Agadir zu Lwiro.

     

Geochemistry of Proterozoic molybdenite — mineralized aplites in Northern Sweden

The largest known Precambrian molybdenite occurrences in Sweden are of the aplitic type. In order to improve the understanding of their genesis, 67 samples of aplites, aplitic granites and associated granites were analyzed for major elements, Mo, Sn, Be, Ba, Rb, Sr, Cu, Zn, Zr, V, Cr, Ni, Y, Nb, F, Cl and S. Five samples were analyzed for rare earth elements. The following genetic model can be proposed:In the upper parts of granitic intrusions the magma is enriched in lithophile elements and elements such as F and Mo. The aplites represent direct differentiation products of the granites and have solidified without the development of a second mobile aqueous phase, except locally, where small pegmatite segregations have formed. As crystallization proceeds, the concentration of Mo in the magma increases, and when the aplites solidify, the Mo that cannot be incorporated in the rock-forming minerals is precipitated as molybdenite. Biotite seems to be the major Mo-carrier among the rock-forming minerals in the aplites.     

Geosecs North Atlantic radiocarbon and tritium results

Radiocarbon data for 11 stations and tritium data for 16 stations in the North Atlantic Ocean from 74°N to 3°N are presented. For radiocarbon, normal errors inΔ¹⁴C are± 4‰, and in tritium,± 0.09TU or± 3%, whichever is larger. There is a remarkable, but not simply linear, correlation between oceanic bomb transients in¹⁴C and³H. The deep convective mixing in the Greenland Sea is reflected in substantial bomb tracer penetration to all depths, with residence time for the deep, cold core water that seems to be 20 to 30 years. The outflow in the bottom layer southward over the sills of the Denmark Strait and Faroe Passage carries significant tritium concentration, at least to 40°N. Complicated, but coherent, profile structures in the subtropical Atlantic suggest effects of large-scale lateral advection. In particular, a pronounced minimum in both¹⁴C and³H might be associated with the Antarctic intermediate water.