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21.
Odanam Satoe, a subtidal, tide-dominated sand body in the Yellow Sea, Korea, is linear in plan and asymmetrical in cross-section. It consists of fine- to medium-grained, well-sorted subangular sand. Bedforms consist of high-amplitude (1–2 m) sandwaves on the lower flanks of the gentler-sloping bar surface, and medium-amplitude (0.5-1 m) sandwaves on the sand body trough adjoining the steeper face, the bar crest and shallower parts of the gently sloping bar surface. Bedforms are absent on the relatively steeper bar surface, which is characterized by 2° slopes. Bedform orientation on the gentler slope is oblique by 30° to the bar crest, parallel to the sand-body crest on the crest itself, and opposite to the steeper sand-body face in the trough below the steeper slope of the bar.Bottom current velocity data show that tidal currents are semi-rotary with a flood time—velocity asymmetry over the gentler slope, and ebb time—velocity asymmetry over the steeper slope during most of the tidal cycle. Tidal-current flow parallels bar elongation over the steeper slope, whereas over the gentler slope, tidal-current flow is directed at 30° to the bar crest and changes to normal to the crest one hour prior to low tide. Bedform orientation mapped with side-scan sonar shows agreement with these flow directions.Sand dispersal around the sand body is controlled by time—velocity asymmetry and partial rotary flow directions of tidal currents. This circulation causes not only a trapezoidal mode of grain dispersal, but also westerly migration of the sand body documented from comparative bathymetric surveys in 1964 and 1980. 相似文献
22.
Edward D. Goldberg 《Marine Chemistry》1987,22(2-4)
The validity of analyses of elements in the femto- and picomolar ranges in waters and sediments can be assessed on the basis of several criteria: an evaluation of the chemical technique; the use of primary standards and intercalibration exercises; and chemical and geochemical coherence of the results. Herein are reported analyses of ruthenium, platinum, palladium, rhenium, iridium and gold in oceanic samples. The gold concentrations in surface seawaters, at least 25 times less than those previously reported, are in accord with the concentrations of their periodic table neighbors as well as with crustal and sedimentary contents. The remarkable concentration of rhenium in seawater, in relation to its very low crustal abundance, can be explained by the inertness of the perrhenate ion. 相似文献
23.
An extensive experimental and computational investigation of the combined and separate effects of free surface and body on the lift characteristics of a pair of fins attached to a strut and fin alone is conducted. The results reveal that the free-surface effect becomes significant when the depth of submergence to chord ratio (H/c) is less than three. The effect of the strut is also realized for shallower depth of submergence of the fins through free-surface deformation leading to a significant change in the incidence angle of the flow to the fins. The numerical results based on the Higher Order Boundary Element Method with the linearized free-surface condition show good agreement with the experimental results for fin (foil) alone even at shallow submergence, but some discrepancies appear for the fin attached to the strut at higher speeds mostly due to the neglect of the nonlinear free-surface effect. 相似文献
24.
UWAN-MAC: An Energy-Efficient MAC Protocol for Underwater Acoustic Wireless Sensor Networks 总被引:2,自引:0,他引:2
In this paper, we propose a distributed, scalable, energy-efficient media access control (MAC) protocol that works despite long, unknown propagation delays of the underwater acoustic medium. This protocol can be used for delay-tolerant applications such as underwater ecological sensor networks between energy-limited nodes. Our protocol differs significantly from ALOHA, multiple access with collision avoidance (MACA), and the media access protocol for wireless LANs (MACAW) in that energy is the main performance metric in our case rather than bandwidth utilization. We show that under a realistic underwater sensor network scenario, our MAC protocol wastes only 4% of the transmit energy and only 1.5% of the receive energy due to collisions, when the average number of neighbors is four, and the duty cycle is 0.004. This distributed, scalable MAC protocol has the potential to serve as a primer for the development of energy-efficient MAC protocols for future underwater sensor networks. 相似文献
25.
26.
Jeom Kee Paik Anil K. Thayamballi P. Terndrup Pedersen Young Il Park 《Ocean Engineering》2001,28(8):51
For a ship hull with large deck openings such as container vessels and some large bulk carriers, the analysis of warping stresses and hatch opening deformations is an essential part of ship structural analyses. It is thus of importance to better understand the ultimate torsional strength characteristics of ships with large hatch openings. The primary aim of the present study is to investigate the ultimate strength characteristics of ship hulls with large hatch openings under torsion. Axial (warping) as well as shear stresses are normally developed for thin-walled beams with open cross sections subjected to torsion. A procedure for calculating these stresses is briefly described. As an illustrative example, the distribution and magnitude of warping and shear stresses for a typical container vessel hull cross section under unit torsion is calculated by the procedure. By theoretical and numerical analyses, it is shown that the influence of torsion induced warping stresses on the ultimate hull girder bending strength is small for ductile hull materials while torsion induced shear stresses will of course reduce the ship hull ultimate bending moment. 相似文献
27.
28.
Louis W. Botsford Cathryn A. Lawrence Edward P. Dever Alan Hastings John Largier 《Deep Sea Research Part II: Topical Studies in Oceanography》2006,53(25-26):3116
The production and distribution of biological material in wind-driven coastal upwelling systems are of global importance, yet they remain poorly understood. Production is frequently presumed to be proportional to upwelling rate, yet high winds can lead to advective losses from continental shelves, where many species at higher trophic levels reside. An idealized mixed-layer conveyor (MLC) model of biological production from constant upwelling winds demonstrated previously that the amount of new production available to shelf species increased with upwelling at low winds, but declined at high winds [Botsford, L.W., Lawrence, C.A., Dever, E.P., Hastings, A., Largier, J., 2003. Wind strength and biological productivity in upwelling systems: an idealized study. Fisheries Oceanography 12, 245–259]. Here we analyze the response of this model to time-varying winds for parameter values and observed winds from the Wind Events and Shelf Transport (WEST) study region. We compare this response to the conventional view that the results of upwelling are proportional to upwelled volume. Most new production per volume upwelled available to shelf species occurs following rapid increases in shelf transit time due to decreases in wind (i.e. relaxations). However, on synoptic, event time-scales shelf production is positively correlated with upwelling rate. This is primarily due to the effect of synchronous periods of low values in these time series, paradoxically due to wind relaxations. On inter-annual time-scales, computing model production from wind forcing from 20 previous years shows that these synchronous periods of low values have little effect on correlations between upwelling and production. Comparison of model production from 20 years of wind data over a range of shelf widths shows that upwelling rate will predict biological production well only in locations where cross-shelf transit times are greater than the time required for phytoplankton or zooplankton production. For stronger mean winds (narrower shelves), annual production falls below the peak of constant wind prediction [Botsford et al., 2003. Wind strength and biological productivity in upwelling systems: an idealized study. Fisheries Oceanography 12, 245–259], then as winds increase further (shelves become narrower) production does not decline as steeply as the constant wind prediction. 相似文献
29.
Mi Ok Park 《Ocean Science Journal》2006,41(4):301-313
Abundance and distribution of phytoplankton in seawater at southwestern East/Japan Sea near Gampo were investigated by HPLC
analysis of photosynthetic pigments during summer of 1999. Detected photosynthetic pigments were chlorophyll a, b, c1+2 (Chl a, Chl b, Chl c1+2), fucoxanthin (Fuco), prasinoxanthin (Pras), zeaxanthin (Zea), 19’-butanoyloxyfucoxanthin (But-fuco) and beta-carotene (β-Car).
Major carotenoid was fucoxanthin (bacillariophyte) and minor carotenoids were Pras (prasinophyte), Zea (cyanophyte) and But-fuco
(chrysophyte). Chl a concentrations were in the range of 0.16-8.3/land subsurface chlorophyll maxima were observed at 0-10m
at inshore and 30–50 m at offshore. Thermocline and nutricline tilted to the offshore direction showed a mild upwelling condition.
Results from size-fraction showed that contribution from nano+picoplankton at Chl a maximum layer was increased from 18% at
inshore to 69% at offshore on average. The maximum contribution from nano+picoplankton was found as 87% at St. E4. It was
noteworthy that contribution from nano+picoplanktonic crysophytes and green algae to total biomass of phytoplankton was significant
at offshore. Satellite images of sea surface temperature indicated that an extensive area of the East/Japan Sea showed lower
temperature (<18 °C) but the enhanced Chl a patch was confined to a narrow coastal region in summer, 1999. Exceptionally high
flux of low saline water from the Korea/Tsushima Strait seemed to make upwelling weak in summer of 1999 in the study area.
Results of comparisons among Chl a from SeaWIFs, HPLC and fluorometric analysis showed that presence of Chl b cause underestimation
of Chl a about 30% by fluorometric analysis but overestimation by satellite data about 30-75% compared to HPLC data. 相似文献
30.
Major variations in type and rate of tectonic movement in the southwestern margin of the Ulleung Basin coincide in time with
changes in stratal patterns at succession boundaries, suggesting that the effect of tectonism was dominant for the development
of sequence architecture. During the back-arc opening (16–12 Ma), the rise of relative sea level and the high rate of sediment
supply gave rise to sequences with sigmoid progradational patterns. During the back-arc closing (12–6.5 Ma), fall- and rise-dominated
relative sea-level fluctuations resulted in sequences with varying stratal patterns depending upon changes in deposition rate.
The rise-dominated relative sea level has been prevalent during the later stage (6.5 Ma–Present) with low sedimentation rate.
Received: 16 January 1996 / Revision received: 7 February 1997 相似文献