全文获取类型
收费全文 | 257371篇 |
免费 | 4356篇 |
国内免费 | 3325篇 |
专业分类
测绘学 | 6838篇 |
大气科学 | 19006篇 |
地球物理 | 53678篇 |
地质学 | 89098篇 |
海洋学 | 21404篇 |
天文学 | 56086篇 |
综合类 | 1016篇 |
自然地理 | 17926篇 |
出版年
2021年 | 2223篇 |
2020年 | 2580篇 |
2019年 | 2839篇 |
2018年 | 3452篇 |
2017年 | 3214篇 |
2016年 | 5651篇 |
2015年 | 4181篇 |
2014年 | 6877篇 |
2013年 | 14159篇 |
2012年 | 6428篇 |
2011年 | 7755篇 |
2010年 | 6880篇 |
2009年 | 9447篇 |
2008年 | 8286篇 |
2007年 | 7791篇 |
2006年 | 9618篇 |
2005年 | 7669篇 |
2004年 | 7568篇 |
2003年 | 7084篇 |
2002年 | 6654篇 |
2001年 | 5952篇 |
2000年 | 5926篇 |
1999年 | 5189篇 |
1998年 | 5213篇 |
1997年 | 5018篇 |
1996年 | 4656篇 |
1995年 | 4413篇 |
1994年 | 4094篇 |
1993年 | 3829篇 |
1992年 | 3619篇 |
1991年 | 3584篇 |
1990年 | 3748篇 |
1989年 | 3501篇 |
1988年 | 3298篇 |
1987年 | 3839篇 |
1986年 | 3402篇 |
1985年 | 4215篇 |
1984年 | 4725篇 |
1983年 | 4396篇 |
1982年 | 4303篇 |
1981年 | 3912篇 |
1980年 | 3634篇 |
1979年 | 3507篇 |
1978年 | 3477篇 |
1977年 | 3275篇 |
1976年 | 3038篇 |
1975年 | 2958篇 |
1974年 | 2915篇 |
1973年 | 3073篇 |
1972年 | 2024篇 |
排序方式: 共有10000条查询结果,搜索用时 15 毫秒
961.
Distribution and morphology of sinkholes triggered by flooding following Tropical Storm Alberto at Albany, Georgia, USA 总被引:1,自引:0,他引:1
Flooding of the Flint River in July 1994 triggered the collapse of at least 312 sinkholes in the karstic Dougherty Plain at Albany, Georgia. We examined the distribution and morphology of these new sinkholes to evaluate the mode of formation, to characterize early stages of the evolution of sinkhole form, and to estimate the lowering of the surface associated with the development of new sinkholes.Eighty-eight percent of sinkholes occur inside the limits of flooding, especially in areas of sandy overburden, and they often follow joint-controlled linear trends. Sinkhole dimensions are log-normally distributed with median values of circumference = 5.7 m, length = 1.8 m, width = 1.6 m, and depth = 0.7 m; asymmetry (L:W) = 1.2. Cross-sectional forms range from narrow cylinders to large bowls, with many sinkholes having undercut sides.Flooding triggered the formation of sinkholes by saturating and liquefying overburden, which caused soil arches to collapse and flow into cavities in bedrock. The prevalence of sinkholes near the periphery of flooding suggests that drainage and loss of buoyant support as flood waters subsided may also have contributed to failure. A volume ratio index is used to quantify the three dimensional geometric form of sinkholes. Initially, small cylindrical shafts open over a bedrock joint, followed by progressive slumping that leads to widening and increases in volume to a final bowl form. Estimates of the aggregate volume of overburden transported underground in flooded areas range from 7,990 to 11,130 m3. Averaged over flooded areas, this accounts for 0.26 to 0.37 mm/km2 lowering of the surface. Based on a 500 year recurrence interval for the flood event, values for lowering of the surface range from 0.52 to 0.74 mm per 1,000 years. These values are an order of magnitude less than estimates of carbonate dissolution and suggest that transport of overburden underground is limited by triggering events. 相似文献
962.
We have determined the quenched cation ordering states of five orthopyroxene crystals collected from the marginal border
group and the lower zone a and b of the Skaergaard intrusion, and modeled these data to retrieve their closure temperatures
(T
c) of Fe–Mg ordering and cooling rates. According to existing thermal models for the Skaergaard pluton, conductive cooling
dominated the high and low temperature regimes, which were separated by an intermediate temperature regime in which the cooling
was controlled primarily by convective fluid circulation. The cooling rates retrieved from the quenched cation ordering states
of the orthopyroxene crystals strictly apply to temperatures around the closure temperatures of the ordering states, ∼340–400° C, which fall at the transition from convective to the lower temperature conductive cooling. The cooling rates obtained from
the cation ordering states of orthopyroxene vary from ∼1 to 270 K/ka. These results agree well with a thermal model calculated
using an assumed average permeability of 10-12 cm2 for the pluton, but not completely with a model calculated on the basis of an average permeability of 10-13 cm2, although both values produced shifts of δ18O that are comparable to those observed in the pluton.
Received: 27 February 1995/Accepted: 20 July 1995 相似文献
963.
The first occurrence of platinum group minerals (PGM) in a chromite deposit in the Eastern Desert, Egypt 总被引:1,自引:0,他引:1
M. A. Elhaddad 《Mineralium Deposita》1996,31(5):439-445
The platinum-group mineralogy (PGM) of the chromitite from Gebel Lawi, in the southeastern desert has been investigated.
The most abundant base metal sulfides (BMS) associated with the Lawi chromite are pentlandite, millerite and heazlewoodite.
The major platinum-group minerals identified were as follows: laurite (IrOsRu)S2, osmian iridium (OsIr), hollingworthite (RhAsS),
tellurian arsenopalladinite (PdTeSbAs), potarite (PdHg) besides cuprian palladian gold (CuPdAu), a Pd-Sb-Hg and HgTe phases.
Laurite and osmian iridium occur preferentially in chromite. Os-Ir commonly forms composite PGM with laurite. Hollingworthite
and tellurian arsenopalladinite are included within serpentine and, close to the base-metal sulfides, the cuprian palladian
gold shares boundaries with chromite. Potarite together with the Pd-Sb-Hg and HgTe phases are embedded in serpentine. Palladium
is the most abundant PGE in the Gebel Lawi chromite.
A paragenetic sequence of PGM formation is described. Textural evidence indicates that Os-, Ir- and Ru-bearing PGM formed
early and were followed by Rh- and Pd-bearing PGM. The concentration of all five PGE could be magmatic, but much of the PGE
mineralogy except for laurite and osmian iridium in the center of chromite grains, has been modified by subsequent processes.
At later stages, the environment became Te-, Sb-, As- and Hg-rich, which finally led to the formation of low-temperature alteration
minerals.
Received: 24 April 1995 / Accepted: 28 March 1996 相似文献
964.
Polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAH), important constituents of petroleum products, are known to enter freshwater systems via industrial effluents. In the present study the possible toxicity of automobile effluent presumably containing PAH was demonstrated in the freshwater prawn Macrobrachium lamarrei. The prawns were exposed for 1, 8, 15 and 28 days to two sublethal concentrations (0.75% and 3.75%) of automobile effluent. A decrease was noted in the total protein content in haemolymph and hepatopancreas of prawns exposed for 28 days to both these sublethal concentrations. SDS-PAGE revealed that the effluent caused reduction in high molecular weight proteins (106-90 kD) of the haemolymph. The exposure to automobile effluent resulted in changes in the lamellar structure of the gills and shrinkage of hepatopancreatic cell types. Thus it is imperative to discard such wastes carefully ensuring that there is no entry into aquatic ecosystems.author for correspondence 相似文献
965.
N. V. Sobolev F. V. Kaminsky W. L. Griffin E. S. Yefimova T. T. Win C. G. Ryan A. I. Botkunov 《Lithos》1997,39(3-4):135-157
The Sputnik kimberlite pipe is a small “satellite” of the larger Mir pipe in central Yakutia (Sakha), Russia. Study of 38 large diamonds (0.7-4.9 carats) showed that nine contain inclusions of the eclogitic paragenesis, while the remainder contain inclusions of the peridotitic paragenesis, or of uncertain paragenesis. The peridotitic inclusion suite comprises olivine, enstatite, Cr-diopside, chromite, Cr-pyrope garnet (both lherzolitic and harzburgitic), ilmenite, Ni-rich sulfide and a Ti-Cr-Fe-Mg-Sr-K phase of the lindsleyite-mathiasite (LIMA) series. The eclogitic inclusion suite comprises omphacite, garnet, Ni-poor sulfide, phlogopite and rutile. Peridotitic ilmenite inclusions have high Mg, Cr and Ni contents and high Nb/Zr ratios; they may be related to metasomatic ilmenites known from peridotite xenoliths in kimberlite. Eclogitic phlogopite is intergrown with omphacite, coexists with garnet, and has an unusually high TiO2 content. Comparison with inclusions in diamonds from Mir shows general similarities, but differences in details of trace-element patterns. Large compositional variations among inclusions of one phase (olivine, garnet, chromite) within single diamonds indicate that the chemical environment of diamond crystallisation changed rapidly relative to diamond growth rates in many cases. P-T conditions of formation were calculated from multiphase inclusions and from trace element geothermobarometry of single inclusions. The geotherm at the time of diamond formation was near a 35 mW/m2 conductive model; that is indistinguishable from the Paleozoic geotherm derived by studies of xenoliths and concentrate minerals from Mir. A range of Ni temperatures between garnet inclusions in single diamonds from both Mir and Sputnik suggests that many of the diamonds grew during thermal events affecting a relatively narrow depth range of the lithosphere, within the diamond stability field. The minor differences between inclusions in Mir and Sputnik may reflect lateral heterogeneity in the upper mantle. 相似文献
966.
967.
Late Cretaceous rift-related upwelling and melting of the Trindade starting mantle plume head beneath western Brazil 总被引:1,自引:0,他引:1
S. A. Gibson R. N. Thompson R. K. Weska A. P. Dickin O. H. Leonardos 《Contributions to Mineralogy and Petrology》1997,126(3):303-314
High mantle potential temperatures and local extension, associated with the Late-Cretaceous impact of the Trindade mantle plume, produced substantial widespread and voluminous magmatism around the northern half of the Paraná sedimentary basin. Our previous studies have shown that, above the central and eastern portions of the postulated impact zone where lithosphere extension is minimal, heat conducted by the plume caused large-scale melting of the more fusible parts of the subcontinental lithospheric mantle beneath the margin of the São Francisco craton and the surrounding Brasilía mobile belt. Here we combine geochemical data and field evidence from the Poxoreu Igneous Province, western Brazil to show how more intense lithospheric extension above the western margin of the postulated impact zone permitted greater upwelling and melting of the Trindade plume than further east. Laser 40Ar/39Ar age determinations indicate that rift-related basaltic magmas of the Poxoreu Igneous Province were emplaced at ? 84 Ma. Our detailed geochemical study of the mafic magmas shows that the parental melts underwent polybaric crystal fractionation within the crust prior to final emplacement. Furthermore, some magmas (quartz-normative) appear to have assimilated upper crust whereas others (nepheline- and hypersthene-normative) appear to have been unaffected by open-system crustal magma chamber processes. Incompatible trace element ratios (e.g. chondrite-normalised La/Nb?=?1) and isotopic ratios (87Sr/86Sr?=?0.704 and 143Nd/144Nd?=?0.51274) of the Hy-normative basalts resemble those of oceanic islands (OIB). We therefore propose that these “OIB-like” magmas were predominantly derived from convecting-mantle-source melts (i.e. Trindade mantle plume). Inverse modelling of rare-earth element (REE) abundances suggests that the initial melts were predominantly generated within the depth range of ?80–100 km, in mantle with a potential temperature of ?1500 °C. 相似文献
968.
Sources of Water Supplying Pumpage from Regional Aquifer Systems of the United States 总被引:1,自引:0,他引:1
Richard H. Johnston 《Hydrogeology Journal》1997,5(2):54-63
969.
970.