Diagnosis of Kinetic Energy Balance of a Decaying Onland Typhoon

Diagnostic analysis of the balance of kinetic energy (KE) is made for a decaying onland typoon, its external torrential rain area and environment. Results show that, besides low-level frictional dissipation as an energy sink, upper-level horizontal export of KE is another important one for the typhoon. In its decaying KE grows in the external torrential rain area, and the KE production term Gk represents the chief energy source for the torrential rain. The growth of Gk is attributed to the development of the heavy rain and to the heating effect of released latent heat, and the external torrential rain owes its evolution to the exported KE from the strong windbelt in the east of the typhoon and the conversion of synoptic KE into mesoscale perturbation KE. The development of the torrential rain results in the KE feedback to its environment. The KE transfer from the typhoon to the external torrential rain area and then to the environmental region as a mechanism constitutes one of the causes for the rapid d     

河西走廓绿洲生态前景和承载能力的分析与对策

本文采用灰色计量模型原理与方法，对２０１０年河西走廓绿洲生态前景和承载能力做了系统分析，并根据分析结果对此区域绿洲生态的保护和建设提出了相应的对策。     

奥斯陆地堑的重力高和地震运动

古奥斯陆裂谷/奥斯陆地堑体系在地球物理上的特点是有一个明显的重力高。用一种挠曲的反演方法对这个地区的重力资料进行重新解释,结果表明:成其为主要原因的物体有0.06g/cm~3的密度差。反演结果也指出这类物体多半位于下地壳的上部并且向东延伸,远远超出地堑本区之外。对断裂前后地壳厚度的估计表明,裂缝开始在南面,然后改为向北。相应的旋转极位于奥斯陆城北北东大约240 km。7个局部小地震震源位于异常体的周围,这正如重力模拟推导出的,包括用NORSAR资料做的三维成象的地震调查还没能提供足够的证据,来说明岩石圈中的软流层物质的侵入是奥斯陆地堑运动的一部分。这里作出的解释是在大约150—200 Ma期间内,奥斯陆裂谷的地球物理特征和奥斯陆地堑的发展过程在上地幔中被明显地减弱了。最后,假定软流层进入岩石圈后发生了一个相对小的莫霍交叉断面地区,相对坚硬的上地壳部分地阻止了基性岩岩浆的进一步升高,因此引起了奥斯陆地堑外向东扩展的10—20 km深度范围的横向流动。     

Relationship of minimum winter temperature and temperature seasonality to the northern range limit and species richness of trees in North America

Biologists have considered both winter coldness and temperature seasonality as major determinants of the northern limits of plants and animals in the Northern Hemisphere,which in turn drive the well-known latitudinal diversity gradient.However,few studies have tested which of the two climate variables is the primary determinant.In this study,we assess whether winter coldness or temperature seasonality is more strongly associated with the northern latitudinal limits of tree species and with tree species richness in North Amedca.Tree species were recorded in each of 1198 quadrats of 110 km × 110 km in North America.We used correlation and regression analyses to assess the relationship of the latitude of the northern boundary of each species,and of species richness per quadrat,with winter coldness and temperature seasonality.Species richness was analyzed within 38 longitudinal,i.e.,north-south,bands (each being ＞1100 km long and 110 km wide).The latitudes of the north-ern range limits of tree species were three times better correlated with minimum temperatures at those latitudes than with temperature seasonality.On average,minimum temperature and temperature seasonality together explained 81.5％ of the variation in the northern range limits of the tree species examined,and minimum temperature uniquely explained six-fold (33.7％versus 5.8％) more of this variation than did temperature seasonality.Correlations of tree species richness with minimum temperatures were stronger than correlations with tempera-ture seasonality for most of the longitudinal bands analyzed.Compared to temperature sea-sonality,winter coldness is more strongly associated with species distributions at high lati-tudes,and is likely a more important driver of the latitudinal diversity gradient.     

平坦低地农业区人类活动影响下地形对森林分布的影响（英文）

Complex topography buffers forests against deforestation in mountainous regions.However,it is unknown if terrain also shapes forest distribution in lowlands where human impacts are likely to be less constrained by terrain.In such regions,if important at all,topographic effects will depend on cultural-historical factors and thus be human-driven(anthropogenic) rather than natural,except in regions where the general climate or extreme soils limit the occurrence of forests.We used spatial regression modeling to assess the extent to which topographic factors explain forest distribution(presence-absence at a 48×48 m resolution) in a lowland agricultural region(Denmark,43,075 km2) at regional and landscape scales(whole study area and 10×10 km grid cells,respectively),how landscape-scale forest-topography relationships vary geographically,and which potential drivers(topographic heterogeneity,forest cover,clay content,coastal/inland location) determine this geographic heterogeneity.Given a moist temperate climate and non-extreme soils all landscapes in Denmark would naturally be largely forest covered,and any topographic relationships will be totally or primarily human-driven.At regional scale,topographic predictors explained only 5% of the distribution of forest.In contrast,the explanatory power of topography varied from 0%–61% at landscape scale,with clear geographic patterning.Explanatory power of topography at landscape scale was moderately dependent on the potential drivers,with topographic control being strongest in areas with high topographic heterogeneity and little forest cover.However,these conditioning effects were themselves geographically variable.Our findings show that topography by shaping human land-use can affect forest distribution even in flat,lowland regions,but especially via localized,geographically variable effects.     

Study of moisture migration in clay soils considering rate of freezing

The paper presents some methods of numerical modeling and a study of moisture changing in frozen clay soils considering rates of freezing in the base of construction.An impact assessment of moisture changes in clay soils affecting strength characteristics during thawing was carried out in stability tests.     

Use of a telemetered dispensing system for controlling nutrient additions to experimental patch reefs in the ENCORE study at One Tree Island, Great Barrier Reef, Australia

A telemetrically controlled system was developed to add nutrients automatically to experimental patch reefs in a remote marine environment. The experiment, called ENCORE, was done in the lagoon of One Tree Island, a remote research station at the southern end of the Great Barrier Reef. Nutrient dispensing units (NDUs), moored adjacent to patch reefs in the lagoon, were telemetrically linked to a base station on the island. The base station, about 3 km away from the furthest NDU, consisted of a dedicated computer, controller and radio transmitter, which relayed coded signals to a radio receiver mounted on each NDU. This activated a solenoid valve to discharge a measured quantity of concentrated nutrient solution from a measuring chamber using compressed air from a SCUBA tank. The solution was discharged through 4-8 PVC outlets into the basins of the patch reefs to allow thorough mixing. The base station interrogated each NDU to find out if the operation had been successful and stored the information on disk to provide a daily log of operations. Nutrient samples taken within the patch reefs demonstrated that calculated initial mean concentrations of 2 micrograms-at PO4-P l-1 and 10 micrograms-at NH4-N l-1 were achieved. The system we have developed can be used in many situations where regular perturbations need to be introduced to aquatic ecosystems. It uses state-of-the-art technology, yet all components are commercially readily available and relatively inexpensive. Detailed specifications and drawings are available from the Great Barrier Reef Marine Park Authority.     

Trace metals in sediment cores from Deception and Penguin Islands (South Shetland Islands, Antarctica)

This paper presents information on the levels of trace elements in sediments collected at Deception and Penguin Islands and tracks the sources of natural and anthropogenic inputs of metals into this sub-Antarctic region. The results suggest that natural processes, such as volcanic activity, hydrothermal processes and sediment transport, are more important than anthropogenic inputs in accounting for the metal concentrations measured in sediments at Deception Island. The higher levels of trace metals recorded in sediments at Penguin Island seem to reflect the composition of the source rocks of the island, which are dominated by the olivine-basalt group. Our findings show that human activities in the study areas may contribute to negligible levels of trace metals associated with anthropogenic inputs (e.g., Cr and Zn) in sediments, and these results can be used in the future as background levels related to low anthropogenic impacts.